Pharmacotherapy Based on ACE2 Targeting and COVID-19 Infection

Vitiello, Antonio; Ferrara, Francesco

doi:10.3390/ijms23126644

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…There are several reports including the ones published by Roshanravan et al [ 271 ] and Basit et al [ 272 ], which show the promising effect of sACE2 (as a decoy receptor) or truncated ACE2 (amino acid sequence 21–119 of N-terminal region) on reducing virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern in preclinical experiments [ 273 , 274 , 275 ]. Even some experts tried to produce sACE2-IgG conjugate to overcome the short half-life of sACE2 in the circulation and to improve its activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 276 ].…”

Section: Clinical Evidence Showing Benefit Of Recombinant Human Solub...mentioning

confidence: 99%

S Protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword? A Narrative Review

2023

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Since the spread of the deadly virus SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, researchers have restlessly sought to unravel how the virus enters the host cells. Some proteins on each side of the interaction between the virus and the host cells are involved as the major contributors to this process: (1) the nano-machine spike protein on behalf of the virus, (2) angiotensin converting enzyme II, the mono-carboxypeptidase and the key component of renin angiotensin system on behalf of the host cell, (3) some host proteases and proteins exploited by SARS-CoV-2. In this review, the complex process of SARS-CoV-2 entrance into the host cells with the contribution of the involved host proteins as well as the sequential conformational changes in the spike protein tending to increase the probability of complexification of the latter with angiotensin converting enzyme II, the receptor of the virus on the host cells, are discussed. Moreover, the release of the catalytic ectodomain of angiotensin converting enzyme II as its soluble form in the extracellular space and its positive or negative impact on the infectivity of the virus are considered.

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Section: Clinical Evidence Showing Benefit Of Recombinant Human Solub...mentioning

confidence: 99%

S Protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword? A Narrative Review

2023

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“…Whole-exome sequencing studies aimed at identifying rare and common variants of TLR7 and other Xchromosome innate immunity genes will be able to disengage the cause-effect relationship and to define the contribution of unique Xchromosome biology in the severe evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection, generating precious tools useful to guide therapeutic interventions, to prevent or to treat the disease. [38][39][40][41]…”

Section: The X-chromosome and Severe Covid-19 Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the mutations described for their rarity do not explain the sex bias of males in severe and life‐threatening COVID‐19 disease, they implicate TLR7 as a critical node in the recognition of COVID‐19 and in the initiation of early immune response to achieve clearance of the virus and to prevent its spread. Whole‐exome sequencing studies aimed at identifying rare and common variants of TLR7 and other X‐chromosome innate immunity genes will be able to disengage the cause‐effect relationship and to define the contribution of unique X‐chromosome biology in the severe evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, generating precious tools useful to guide therapeutic interventions, to prevent or to treat the disease 38–41 …”

Section: The X‐chromosome and Severe Covid‐19 Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex affects immune response capacity against COVID‐19 infection

Zovi

Ferrara²,

Langella³

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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The genetic variability of each individual may lead to the identification of completely different genetic polymorphisms which are associated with a different sensitivity to infectious diseases in humans. Such genetic variability allows the immune system to respond differently to viral agents, therefore only a fraction of humans develop severe symptoms, as happened with SARS‐CoV‐2. Such knowledge is critical to enable the development of appropriate pharmacological solutions to prevent the consequences of insufficient immunity in dealing with serious viral diseases such as SARS‐CoV‐2. For instance, global epidemiological data show that male sex is a risk factor for the severe evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2 disease. Men, due to higher production of Testosterone (TLT), are more vulnerable than females. Women, due to greater expression of the TLR7 gene found on the X chromosome, a key innate immunity gene that encodes Toll‐like proteins, are able to synthesise more antiviral proteins and interferons in dendritic cells, resulting in a more robust immune system capable of preventing severe SARS‐CoV‐2 viral disease. This manuscript highlights how human genetic variability can lead to severe infectious symptoms in some individuals who must take appropriate prophylactic actions, such as vaccination, to prevent this.

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“…There are several reports including the ones published by Roshanravan et al [263] and Basit et al [264], which show the promising effect of sACE2 (as a decoy receptor) or truncated ACE2 (amino acid sequence 21-119 of N-terminal region) on reducing virulence of SARS-CoV2 and its variants of concern in preclinical experiments [265][266][267]. Even some experts tried to produce sACE2-IgG conjugate to overcome the short half-life of sACE2 in the circulation and to improve its activity against SARS-CoV2 infection [268].…”

Section: Clinical Evidence Showing Benefit Of Recombinant Human Solub...mentioning

confidence: 99%

S protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword?

Nejat¹,

Torshizi²,

Najafi³

2022

Preprint

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Since the spread of the deadly virus SARS-CoV2 in late 2019, researchers have restlessly been seeking for unraveling how the virus factually enters the host cells. Some proteins on each side of the interaction between the virus and the host cells are involved as the major contributors to this process: 1- the nano-machine Spike protein on behalf of the virus, 2- angiotensin converting enzyme II, the mono-carboxypeptidase and the key component of renin angiotensin system on behalf of the host cell, 3- some host proteases and proteins exploited by SARS-CoV2, In this review, the complex process of SARS-CoV2 entrance into the host cells with the contribution of the involved host proteins as well as the sequential conformational changes in the Spike protein tending to increase the probability of complexification of the latter with angiotensin converting enzyme II, the receptor of the virus on the host cells, are discussed. Besides, the release of the catalytic ectodomain of angiotensin converting enzyme II as its soluble form in the extracellular space and its positive or negative impact on the infectivity of the virus are considered.

show abstract

Pharmacotherapy Based on ACE2 Targeting and COVID-19 Infection

Cited by 5 publications

References 46 publications

S Protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword? A Narrative Review

S Protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword? A Narrative Review

Sex affects immune response capacity against COVID‐19 infection

S protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword?

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