Pharmacology of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Opioids

Abstract

Chronic pain affects up to 50 million Americans every day. Traditional treatment has included acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or opioids. The combination of NSAIDs and opioids can provide effective treatment for up to 90% of patients with chronic pain, but the NSAIDs have the potential for significant, even lifethreatening side effects. Additionally, the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors with 16,000 deaths per year in the United States might not be any safer. The opioids are great for short-term pain, but may need to be adjusted or changed frequently due to the development of tolerance. Understanding of the mechanism of opioids and NSAIDs has improved greatly over the past decade, but is still incomplete.

Bioactivities of the ethanol extract from Ageratum fastigiatum branches: antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory

“…The experimental groups were pre-treated 60 minutes previously to the beginning of experiment. exert a wide range of side effects (Slater et al 2010), there is currently a strong interest in developing new therapeutic agents from natural products (Oh et al 2015, Rohini and Mahesh 2015, Lehra et al 2014). These products can inhibit different mediators that are involved in the evolution of inflammatory processes, including the pain (Lehra et al 2014, Paduch et al 2007).…”

“…In addition, pathologic disorders, as cardiovascular and metabolic complications, peptic ulcer, cancer and others, are related to the oxidative processes, pain and inflammation (Alie et al 2014, Klöting and Blüher 2014, Ganty and Chawla 2014, Sen et al 2010. However, the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, for example, promote adverse effects, such as irritation of gastric mucosa and ulcer, water retention and nephrotoxicity, compromising the use of these therapeutic agents (Teslim et al 2014, Slater et al 2010. In this sense, an alternative option of treatment is the use of medicinal plants with antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions, a common worldwide practice , Sen et al 2010.…”

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“…1,2 In traditional medicine of Iran, several natural products have been used for inflammation and painful conditions like joint pains. Dorema ammoniacum is a medicinal plant which has been used in Iranian traditional medicine for epilepsy, inflammation and in treatment of various other clinical conditions for many years.…”

“…1,2 Iranian traditional medicine suggests some herbs and herbal preparation for reduction and management of inflammatory pain in joint disease. 3 Dorema ammoniacum.…”

Unveiling Pharmacological Responses and Potential Targets Insights of Identified Bioactive Constituents of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Leaves through In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

“…Similarly, most of the analgesic drugs such as COX-2 inhibitors and opioids exhibit some unwanted adverse effects, including liver failure, GIT disorder, kidney dysfunction, and neutropenia [7,8]. Thus, medicinal plants can be an essential source for the development of analgesic drugs as they have wide traditional popularity [9].…”