Pharmacology of ketamine and esketamine as rapid-acting antidepressants

Pavlidi, Pavlina; Megalokonomou, Anastasia; Sofron, Adrian; Kokras, Nikolaos; Dalla, Christina

doi:10.22365/jpsych.2021.050

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Sex differences may also exist for several other psychotropics, not directly acting on the monoaminergic neurotransmission. Esketamine, a stereoisomer of the racemic drug ketamine, is a newly licensed medication for severe depression and suicidality [ 240 , 241 ]. Although clinical studies have yet to show important pharmacodynamic sex differences, few preclinical studies suggest sex differences, as females present higher sensitivity to ketamine’s actions than male animals [ 242 ].…”

Section: Sex Differences In Drug Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Stress Response: Classical Mechanisms and Beyond

Hodes,

Bangasser,

Sotiropoulos

et al. 2024

Self Cite

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Neuropsychiatric disorders, which are associated with stress hormone dysregulation, occur at different rates in men and women. Moreover, nowadays, preclinical and clinical evidence demon- strates that sex and gender can lead to differences in stress responses that predispose males and females to different expressions of similar pathologies. In this curated review, we focus on what is known about sex differences in classic mechanisms of stress response, such as glucocorticoid hor- mones and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), which are components of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Then, we present sex differences in neurotransmitter levels, such as ser- otonin, dopamine, glutamate and GABA, as well as indices of neurodegeneration, such as amyloid β and Tau. Gonadal hormone effects, such as estrogens and testosterone, are also discussed throughout the review. We also review in detail preclinical data investigating sex differences caused by recently- recognized regulators of stress and disease, such as the immune system, genetic and epigenetic mech- anisms, as well neurosteroids. Finally, we discuss how understanding sex differences in stress re- sponses, as well as in pharmacology, can be leveraged into novel, more efficacious therapeutics for all. Based on the supporting evidence, it is obvious that incorporating sex as a biological variable into preclinical research is imperative for the understanding and treatment of stress-related neuropsychiat- ric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Section: Sex Differences In Drug Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Stress Response: Classical Mechanisms and Beyond

Hodes,

Bangasser,

Sotiropoulos

et al. 2024

Self Cite

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“…Ketamine exerts its sedative effect by enhancing the endogenous antinociceptive system, thereby increasing the descending inhibitory serotonergic pathway [ 78 , 79 ]. The sedative and analgesic effects of ketamine are used in burn patients because of the drug’s ability to maintain respiratory function [ 80 ].…”

Section: Sedationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine, an Old–New Drug: Uses and Abuses

Savić Vujović,

Jotić,

Medić

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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Ketamine as an old–new drug has a variety of clinical implications. In the last 30 years, ketamine has become popular for acute use in humans. Ketamine in standard doses is principally utilized for the induction and maintenance of surgical procedures. Besides its use in anesthesia and analgesia, recent studies have shown that ketamine has found a place in the treatment of asthma, epilepsy, depression, bipolar affective disorders, alcohol and heroin addiction. Ketamine primarily functions as a noncompetitive antagonist targeting the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but its mechanism of action is complex. It is generally regarded as safe, with low doses and short-term use typically not leading to significant adverse effects. Also, ketamine is known as a powerful psychostimulant. During the past decade, ketamine has been one of the commonly abused drugs.

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“…[3][4][5] Escetamine is administered as a nasal spray under medical supervision and works by targeting N-methyl -D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the brai. 3,6 Escetamine has been shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms, despite potential side effects. [7][8][9] Among the most common side effects are nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, sedation, and dysgeusia (taste distortion).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of esketamine administration in a Greek population; a case series

Fotiadis,

Tsalkitzi,

Dimellis

et al. 2024

Psychiatriki

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This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published during the production process, errors, may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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Pharmacology of ketamine and esketamine as rapid-acting antidepressants

Cited by 5 publications

References 53 publications

Sex Differences in Stress Response: Classical Mechanisms and Beyond

Sex Differences in Stress Response: Classical Mechanisms and Beyond

Ketamine, an Old–New Drug: Uses and Abuses

Results of esketamine administration in a Greek population; a case series

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