Pharmacological Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes

Pontarolo, Roberto; Sanches, Andréia Cristina Conegero; Wiens, Astrid; Perlin, Cássio Marques; Tonin, Fernanda S.; Borba, Helena Hiemisch Lobo; Lenzi, Luana; Penteado, Suelem Tavares da Silva

doi:10.5772/59204

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Diabetes mellitus is the number ninth cause of death in the world and T2DM contributed to 90% of the total cases of this metabolic disease [ 41 ]. One of the hallmarks of T2DM is insulin resistance and currently TZD is one of the first options of oral drug being recommended to manage T2DM patients, besides metformin and sulfonylureas [ 42 ]. It was widely reported that TZDs function by increasing the insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in liver, adipocytes and muscle cells [ 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the hallmarks of T2DM is insulin resistance and currently TZD is one of the first options of oral drug being recommended to manage T2DM patients, besides metformin and sulfonylureas [ 42 ]. It was widely reported that TZDs function by increasing the insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in liver, adipocytes and muscle cells [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. More importantly, TZDs were demonstrated to serve as the ligands for PPARγ, a transcription factor that is responsible in regulating the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Compound 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al from Momordica charantia Acts as PPARγ Ligand

et al. 2021

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Momordica charantia is a popular vegetable associated with effective complementary and alternative diabetes management in some parts of the world. However, the molecular mechanism is less commonly investigated. In this study, we investigated the association between a major cucurbitane triterpenoid isolated from M. charantia, 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al (THCB) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation and its related activities using cell culture and molecular biology techniques. In this study, we report on both M. charantia fruit crude extract and THCB in driving the luciferase activity of Peroxisome Proliferator Response Element, associated with PPARγ activation. Other than that, THCB also induced adipocyte differentiation at far less intensity as compared to the full agonist rosiglitazone. In conjunction, THCB treatment on adipocytes also resulted in upregulation of PPAR gamma target genes expression; AP2, adiponectin, LPL and CD34 at a lower magnitude compared to rosiglitazone’s induction. THCB also induced glucose uptake into muscle cells and the mechanism is via Glut4 translocation to the cell membrane. In conclusion, THCB acts as one of the many components in M. charantia to induce hypoglycaemic effect by acting as PPARγ ligand and inducing glucose uptake activity in the muscles by means of Glut4 translocation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Compound 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al from Momordica charantia Acts as PPARγ Ligand

et al. 2021

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“…It can also interact with another medicine that are functioned by enzyme p45 and change the level of serum. Contraceptive drugs used in higher dosage in diabetic female who does not want to get conceived [11] .…”

Section: Therapeutic Drugs For Type II Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combinational Therpies and Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus Type I and Type II

Sivasankari¹,

Kumaravel²,

Govardhanan³

et al. 2020

MLU

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder causes changes in the blood glucose level either it can be elevated or lowered. These are classified into two type insulin dependent and insulin non-dependent. The basic treatment provided for diabetic patients are insulin therapy it has been clinically proven but this is not the only solution to cure diabetes. Metformin is widely used medicine for patients. Glucose lowering therapy is applicable for patients with severe hyperglycemia, hepatic and renal related diseases. The therapeutic applications such as The therapeutic medicines exenatide and to induce the insulin secretion and also liraglutide helps people with insulin. Other therapeutic compounds heals the defects of beta-cells secretion are compensated with the use of stitagliptin to inhibit the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme, and increases the the function of Islets cells. This article further discusses about the combinational therapies available for the diabetic patients.

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“…The sub-optimal glycemic control in diabetes has been linked to persistent systemic inflammation, immune cell dysfunction, and poor wound healing (3). An effective therapeutic approach to manage diabetes must include control of postprandial hyperglycemia, utilization of excess glucose, minimization of protein glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation (4)(5)(6). The current therapeutic agents can only address one part of the pathologic manifestations, leaving a considerable portion of diabetic complications unchecked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-hyperglycemic contours of Madhugrit are robustly translated in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of lipid accumulation by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory response

et al. 2022

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BackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes has considerably increased in recent years. In the long run, use of dual therapy of anti-diabetic agents becomes mandatory to attain euglycemia. Also, the incidences of diabetes-related co-morbidities have warranted the search for new therapeutic approaches for the management of the disease. Traditional herbo-mineral, anti-diabetic agents like Madhugrit are often prescribed to mitigate diabetes and related complications. The present study aimed to thoroughly characterize the pharmacological applications of Madhugrit.MethodsPhytometabolite characterization of Madhugrit was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Evaluation of cell viability, α-amylase inhibition, glucose uptake, inflammation, and wound healing was performed by in vitro model systems using AR42J, L6, THP1, HaCaT cells, and reporter cell lines namely NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The formation of advanced glycation end products was determined by cell-free assay. In addition, the therapeutic potential of Madhugrit was also analyzed in the in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model system. Parameters like brood size, % curling, glucose and triglyceride accumulation, lipid deposition, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation were determined under hyperglycemic conditions induced by the addition of supraphysiological glucose levels.ResultsMadhugrit treatment significantly reduced the α-amylase release, enhanced glucose uptake, decreased AGEs formation, reduced differentiation of monocyte to macrophage, lowered the pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and enhanced wound healing in the in vitro hyperglycemic (glucose; 25 mM) conditions. In C. elegans stimulated with 100 mM glucose, Madhugrit (30 µg/ml) treatment normalized brood size, reduced curling behavior, decreased accumulation of glucose, triglycerides, and lowered oxidative stress.ConclusionsMadhugrit showed multimodal approaches in combating hyperglycemia and related complications due to the presence of anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, wound healing, and lipid-lowering phytoconstituents in its arsenal. The study warrants the translational use of Madhugrit as an effective medicine for diabetes and associated co-morbidities.

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Pharmacological Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes

Cited by 5 publications

References 75 publications

Natural Compound 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al from Momordica charantia Acts as PPARγ Ligand

Natural Compound 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al from Momordica charantia Acts as PPARγ Ligand

Combinational Therpies and Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus Type I and Type II

Anti-hyperglycemic contours of Madhugrit are robustly translated in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of lipid accumulation by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory response

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