Pharmacological Studies of Neutral Saponins (Gns) of Panax Ginseng Root

Nabata, Hiroyuki; Saito, Hiroshi; Takagi, Keijiro

doi:10.1254/jjp.23.29

Cited by 55 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Neuroleptic activity of G.No.3 and GNS was also confirmed (13,14). Similarities in pharmacological properties were observed between GNS and GF-DS-II, and between G.No.3…”

Section: ) Motor Incoordination In Ratssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…In previous reports (12)(13)(14), it was proposed that G.No.3 extracted from Ginseng root and containing mainly neutral saponins (GNS) and other components, had possible tranquillizing, cholinergic, histamine-like, papaverine-like and hypertensive activities, and that tranquillizing and papaverine-like activities were ascertained in GNS isolated from G.No.3 and consisted mainly of neutral saponins, Ginsenoside-Rbi, -Rb2 and -Rc. Neuroleptic activity of G.No.3 and GNS was also confirmed (13,14).…”

Section: ) Motor Incoordination In Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A crude saponin fraction (G. No. 3) and GNS being a mixture of neutral saponins consisting mainly of Ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2 and -Rc have been reported, in particular the pharmacological properties (12)(13)(14)(15). In this paper, pharmacological properties of Ginsenoside-F (GF), the main component of Ginseng leaves has been studied, and compared with those of saponin fractions from Ginseng root.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pharmacological Studies of Panax Ginseng Leaves

1973

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Abstract-Pharmacologicalproperties of a crude saponin fraction (GF-DS-I) and saponins (GF-DS-II) which were obtained from Panax Ginseng leaves, were estimated by blind screening consisting of three tests : 1) neuropharmacological observations in mice, 2) tests on the respiratory and cardiovascular system in rats, and 3) tests on the guinea-pig isolated ileum. GF-DS-I appeared to have CNS-depressive, neuroleptic, analgesic, hypertensive, cholinergic, and histamine-like activities, while GF-DS-II, had CNS-depressive, neuroleptic, analgesic, hypotensive, atropine-like and papaverine-like activities. These neuroleptic activities, were examined and confirmed by tests on motor activity, exploratory movements, muscle tone, motor coordination, hypothermia and potentiation of CNS-depressant, and pole climbing, anticonvulsant and analgesic tests. No effects were seen on hemolysis.

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“…Neuroleptic activity of G.No.3 and GNS was also confirmed (13,14). Similarities in pharmacological properties were observed between GNS and GF-DS-II, and between G.No.3…”

Section: ) Motor Incoordination In Ratssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: ) Motor Incoordination In Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Pharmacological Studies of Panax Ginseng Leaves

1973

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“…On the contrary, GNS and F4 delayed the recovery from exhaustion in almost every test. In other data (14), how ever, these were observed to have neuroleptic properties, so it cannot be easily concluded that these produce delay of recovery from fatigued states. Anti-fatigue effect of Ginseng root is thought to be complicated as it contains a number of pharmacologically active substances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Panax Ginseng Root on Exhaustive Exercise in Mice

1974

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Abstract-Effects of extracts obtained from Panax Ginseng root on recovery frorr exhaustion, were studied using six methods: exploratory movement (EM), hole cross (HC), rotating rod (RR), sliding angle (SA), spring balance (SB) and rectal temp. (RT) tests. Four hr oscillation movements were used as enforced exercise. Drugs were injected i.p. immediately following the exercise. Water extract significantly accelerated the recovery of exploratory movements, increased motor activity index in EM test and elevated rectal temp. However, water extract decreased the index in HC test and grip tone in SB test. Anti-fatigue effects of Ginsenoside RgI were obvi ous in every test. Lipophilic fraction significantly speeded up recovery from fatigue in EM, RR, RT and SB tests, but delayed recovery in HC and SA tests. Neutral saponins fraction had no effect on recovery in the 6 tests. In the EM tests, devised to measure two kinds of exploratory movements of fatigued mice and their spon taneous movement, methamphetamine (2 mg/kg), caffeine (25 and 50 mg/kg), 2 -dimethylaminocthanol (25 mg/kg) and glucose (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly speeded up the recovery of these two exploratory movements, and increased the spon taneous movement.Panax Ginseng root, widely utilized in China, Korea and Japan, is believed to have anti-fatigue and anti-hypothernmal activities. It has also been used to develop physical strength after illness. Petkov (1, 2, 3) reported that water-alcohol extracts of Ginseng root produced CNS-stimulant and analeptic activities. Brekhrnan and Dardymov (4) reported on the adaptogenic activity of Ginseng root and found that panaxosides and their genins produced unusually strong stimulant action. Few reports concerning anti-fatigue activity of Ginseng root have been published. The experiments previously done entailed mice swimming in water (5, 6, 7) and running up an apparently endless rope (8). In our laboratory, pharmacological properties of the extracts from Ginseng root have been studied (9). Slight CNS-stimulant action was found in a crude saponin fraction (GNo. 4) main component of which was Ginsenoside Rgl (GRgl), and lypophilic fraction (GNo. 5).These fractions were presumed to have anti-fatigue activity.The present research was an attempt to determine a simple pharmacological screening method for anti-fatigue activity and an investigation of the effect of Ginseng root on ex hausted animals.

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“…The major components of ginseng are the ginsenosides (ginseng total saponins: GTS), which have a four-ring, steroid-like structure with sugar moieties. 15) Their chemical and pharmacological properties have been reported by investigators in many countries. Moreover, GTS appears to be responsible for most of the pharmacological effects of ginseng.…”

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Inhibitory Effects of Ginseng Total Saponins on Behavioral Sensitization and Dopamine Release Induced by Cocaine

Lee

Yang

Hahm

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Cocaine is a potent and widely abused psychostimulant that exerts behavioral and neuropharmacological effects. Repeated exposure to psychostimulants, including cocaine, can produce behavioral sensitization, as evidenced by an enhanced locomotor response to a subsequent injection of the drug.1) Behavioral sensitization has been implicated in the development of drug addiction and in drug-induced psychosis.2)The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), one of the main central dopaminergic systems, has been implicated in the processes of drug addiction, including behavioral sensitization. 3,4) It has been demonstrated that the development of psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization is associated with alterations of neurotransmission in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.5) For example, many studies have demonstrated that the reinforcing effects of cocaine are related to the blockade of the dopamine reuptake systems, 6) and the consequent increases in the binding of dopamine to its postsynaptic receptors.7) The inhibition of dopamine reuptake has been demonstrated in several brain nuclei, such as the NAc, the striatum, the VTA, and the medial prefrontal cortex.3,8-10) Dopamine receptor antagonists also block the cocaine-induced increases in locomotor activity and stereotypy, the decrease of food intake, 11) and they block the cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking behavior. 12)Several studies have shown that repeated exposure to cocaine produced the expression of c-fos as a neuronal marker for postsynaptic activation and stimulates dopamine release in the NAc. 13,14) The root of Panax ginseng C. A. MAYER, ginseng, has been widely used as an herbal medicine around the world. The major components of ginseng are the ginsenosides (ginseng total saponins: GTS), which have a four-ring, steroid-like structure with sugar moieties.15) Their chemical and pharmacological properties have been reported by investigators in many countries. Moreover, GTS appears to be responsible for most of the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Recently, several studies have suggested that GTS and ginsenosides may act on the central dopaminergic system. 16,17) Many studies have also reported that GTS inhibited the hyperactivity and conditioned place preference of morphine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Furthermore, they have shown that GTS inhibited the development of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, 16,18,19) and blocked nicotine-induced behavioral activity. 20,21) However, the effects of GTS on cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations have not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether GTS could affect repeated cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and accumbal Fos-like immunoreactivity using immunohistochemical methods. Also, we examined whether Korea; 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul 137-701, South Korea. Received June 20, 2007; accepted November 2, 2007; published online December 20, 2007 Many stu...

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Pharmacological Studies of Neutral Saponins (Gns) of Panax Ginseng Root

Cited by 55 publications

References 9 publications

Pharmacological Studies of Panax Ginseng Leaves

Pharmacological Studies of Panax Ginseng Leaves

Effect of Panax Ginseng Root on Exhaustive Exercise in Mice

Inhibitory Effects of Ginseng Total Saponins on Behavioral Sensitization and Dopamine Release Induced by Cocaine

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