“…Exogenous application of acetylcholine increases contractility in the pig (Sorensen et al, 1983) and guinea pig (Santicioli and Maggi, 1998) renal pelvis and in the pig (Hernandez et al, 1993), human (Long and Nergardh, 1978) and guinea-pig (Yoshida and Kuga, 1980) ureter, but has little effect on the conscious porcine distal ureter (Roshani et al, 2003). Carbachol also decreases ureteric pressure and peristalsis in partially or completely obstructed ureters of anaesthetised dogs in a manner unaffected by muscarinic antagonists (Tomiyama et al, 2004).…”