“…Maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis through the balance of mitophagy, mitochondrial fission and fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis is critical for tissue health (Palikaras & Tavernarakis, 2014). Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis plays a critical role in aging, neurodegeneration diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Petersen, Dufour, Befroy, Garcia, & Shulman, 2004;Piao, Kim, Oh, & Pak, 2012;Ren, Pulakat, Whaley-Connell, & Sowers, 2010;Wang, Mascher, Psilander, Blomstrand, & Sahlin, 2011;Zamora, Pardo, & Villena, 2015). Cells do not generate mitochondria de novo, but instead stimulate healthy mitochondria to proliferate through mitochondrial biogenesis (Kowald & Kirkwood, 2011).…”