Pharmacological Antagonists of the Anticholinesterase Agents

Wills, John S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-99875-1_20

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…[31]. With the notable exception of the benzodiazepines, an older report [52] and our earlier studies using observa-tional methods [44], there has not been any systematic study of whether the well-recognized antiepileptics can moderate nerve agent-induced EEG seizures. Likewise, a previous study that also used observational methods [43] had reported that pretreatment of rats with diazepam could not block the development of soman-induced convulsions and by inference, presumably, seizures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticonvulsants for soman-induced seizure activity

Shih

McDonough²,

Koplovitz³

1999

J Biomed Sci

105

129

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This report describes studies of anticonvulsants for the organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent soman: a basic research effort to understand how different pharmacological classes of compounds influence the expression of seizure produced by soman in rats, and a drug screening effort to determine whether clinically useful antiepileptics can modulate soman-induced seizures in rats. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were used in these studies. Basic studies were conducted in rats pretreated with HI-6 and challenged with 1.6 x LD50 soman. Antimuscarinic compounds were extremely effective in blocking (pretreatment) or terminating soman seizures when given 5 min after seizure onset. However, significantly higher doses were required when treatment was delayed for more than 10 min, and some antimuscarinic compounds lost anticonvulsant efficacy when treatment was delayed for more than 40 min. Diazepam blocked seizure onset, yet seizures could recur after an initial period of anticonvulsant effect at doses

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticonvulsants for soman-induced seizure activity

Shih

McDonough²,

Koplovitz³

1999

J Biomed Sci

105

129

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“…Scopolamine has long been known to possess antidotal action against OP poisoning (e.g., Wescoe et al, 1948;Wills, 1963). Notwithstanding, the use of scopolamine in medical management of OP toxicities pales in comparison to atropine despite evidence that seemed to suggest that scopolamine may be a more effective antidote than atropine (e.g., Anderson et al, 1994;Bertram et al, 1977;Capacio and Shih"1991;Harris et al, 1991;1994;Lennox et al, 1992;Janowsky et al, 1984;Jovic and Milosevic, 1970;Leadbeater et al, 1985;McDonough and Shih, 1993;Solana et al, 1991;Wescoe et al, 1948;Wills, 1963).…”

Section: Dtsritsstonfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notwithstanding, the use of scopolamine in medical management of OP toxicities pales in comparison to atropine despite evidence that seemed to suggest that scopolamine may be a more effective antidote than atropine (e.g., Anderson et al, 1994;Bertram et al, 1977;Capacio and Shih"1991;Harris et al, 1991;1994;Lennox et al, 1992;Janowsky et al, 1984;Jovic and Milosevic, 1970;Leadbeater et al, 1985;McDonough and Shih, 1993;Solana et al, 1991;Wescoe et al, 1948;Wills, 1963). In addition to its general antidotal effects, research from this institute Harris et al, 1994) has shown that scopolamine appeared to be a notably more powerful anticonvulsant than benzodiazepine derivatives (such as diazepam and midazolam) in animals intoxicated by soman (an extremely toxic chemical warfare agent).…”

Section: Dtsritsstonfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scopolamine Antagonizes the Lethal Effects of O-isobutylS-2-(DIETHYLAMINO)ETHYL-methylphosphonothioatc (VR)

Chang¹,

DeBus²

2003

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“…Several studies (Wills 1963;Deyi et al 1981;Solana et al 1990;Philippens et al 1996) have shown that physostigmine is also an effective pretreatment agent, but because it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier it is associated with militarily unacceptable side effects involving the central nervous system (CNS). The advantage of PB over physostigmine on the battlefield is that penetration of the blood-brain barrier by PB is normally minimal.…”

Section: How Does Pb Work As a Pretreatment For Nerve-agent Intoxicatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Considerations in the Use of Pyridostigmine Bromide as Pretreatment for Nerve-Agent Exposure

Madsen¹,

Hurst²,

MacIntosh³

et al. 2003

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Public reportfng burden for this collection of infomiatlon is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing mstnjctions, searohing existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions tor reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Sen/lces, Directorate for Infomiatlon Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 121S Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for falling to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a cunentfy vaM 0MB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR TOBM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.

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Pharmacological Antagonists of the Anticholinesterase Agents

Cited by 20 publications

References 136 publications

Anticonvulsants for soman-induced seizure activity

Anticonvulsants for soman-induced seizure activity

Scopolamine Antagonizes the Lethal Effects of O-isobutylS-2-(DIETHYLAMINO)ETHYL-methylphosphonothioatc (VR)

Clinical Considerations in the Use of Pyridostigmine Bromide as Pretreatment for Nerve-Agent Exposure

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