Pharmacological and Biochemical Interventions of Cigarette Smoke, Alcohol, and Sexual Mating Frequency on Idiopathic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Abstract

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in the nigrostriatal pathway of animals and humans and is responsible for most of the movement disorders, including rigidity. The present study aimed to determine the effect of chronic cigarette smoke, alcohol intake, and frequent sexual mating on 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tertahydro pyridine (MPTP)-induced rat model of PD. After treatment, the effect of these factors was determined by biochemical and molecular evaluation. Dopamine (DA) concentration, antioxidant enzymes, and mitochondrial activity decreased after treatment with cigarette smoke, alcohol, and frequent sexual mating when compared to the values in the control group. Excessive exposure of these factors may lead to neurodegeneration, dopaminergic toxicities, and, ultimately, clinical parkinsonism. Earlier literature from different publisher suggested that nicotine and cigarette smoke can protect the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra against MPTP toxicity. In this study, we assessed the effect of the above three factors on an MPTP-treated rat model and concluded that they have a neurodegenerative effect and were found to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Further investigation is required to understand the exact etiology of clinical parkinsonism.

Alcohol Use Disorder, Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Interplay Between Oxidative Stress, Neuroimmune Response and Excitotoxicity

“…In line with this, VMAT2 was shown to be transiently increased during the early drug response (Boileau et al, 2008), and decreased in striatal regions such as the caudate nucleus, and putamen following chronic alcohol intake (Gilman et al, 1998), indicating lasting damage to striatal neuronal terminals in AUD. These findings were further corroborated by a preclinical work where Parkinson rats (induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 20 mg/kg) recorded the highest depletion in dopamine concentration and highest lipid peroxidation activity following 60 days of oral intake of alcohol compared to cigarette inhalation or frequent mating (Ambhore et al, 2012;Figure 4).…”

Acetaldehyde and parkinsonism: role of CYP450 2E1

“…Regarding alcohol consumption, most studies report either a moderately decreased risk or no change in risk associated with alcohol intake (Benedetti et al, 2000; Paganini-Hill, 2001; Hernan et al, 2004; Wirdefeldt et al, 2011; Campdelacreu, 2012; Noyce et al, 2012; Palacios et al, 2012). In contrast with these clinical findings, experimental data in rodents showed that alcohol induces a reduction in the dopamine (DA) levels in the midbrain, even if contradictory data are present in literature and an increased oxidative stress in nigral cells (Collins, 2002; Ambhore et al, 2012) and Golgi fragmentation (Tomas et al, 2012). Likely, alcohol consumption and neurodegenerative disease (e.g., PD) induce similar effects on intracellular structures and trafficking (Ambhore et al, 2012).…”

“…In contrast with these clinical findings, experimental data in rodents showed that alcohol induces a reduction in the dopamine (DA) levels in the midbrain, even if contradictory data are present in literature and an increased oxidative stress in nigral cells (Collins, 2002; Ambhore et al, 2012) and Golgi fragmentation (Tomas et al, 2012). Likely, alcohol consumption and neurodegenerative disease (e.g., PD) induce similar effects on intracellular structures and trafficking (Ambhore et al, 2012). It's conceivable that some components of alcoholic beverages (e.g., flavonoids in red wine) could have a neuroprotective activity (Palacios et al, 2012).…”

The Role of CYP2E1 in the Drug Metabolism or Bioactivation in the Brain

“…Also, CYP2E1 mRNA is detected in the basal ganglia and in the substantia nigra [108, 109]. Experimental data show that alcohol reduces the dopamine levels in the midbrain, even if contradictory data is present in the literature and there is an increased oxidative stress in the nigral cells [110, 111]. Nissbrandt et al in 2001 [112] demonstrated that CYP2E1 activity affects dopaminergic neurotransmission of the substantia nigra, possibly by participating in the metabolism of dopamine.…”