Pharmacokinetics studies of eugenol in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) after immersion bath

Abstract

Background Eugenol is the most commonly used plant anesthetic to relieve the stressors during various aquaculture procedures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of eugenol in Pacific white shrimp by immersion baths in a simulated transportation. Results The pharmacokinetics of eugenol were firstly investigated in Pacific white shrimp by immersion baths of 300 mg L− 1 eugenol over 5 min (Treatment 1), 10 mg L− 1 eugenol during 24 h (Treatment 2) and a sequential immersion administration (Treatment 3). Concentrations of eugenol in hemolymph, hepatopancreas, and muscle were determined using Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After immersion bath of Treatment 1, the elimination half-life (t1/2z) values are 1.3 h and 11 h for hepatopancreas and muscles, indicating the rapid absorption and elimination of eugenol in shrimp. Under the Treatment 2 administration, the eugenol peak concentration is 6527.9 μg/kg in muscle, followed by 402.8 μg/kg in hepatopancreas, with the lowest concentration of 37.9 μg/L in hemolymph. Area under the curve (AUC0-∞) values lie in the order of muscle > hepatopancreas > hemolymph, suggesting that eugenol tends to accumulate in muscle by the immersion administration. Moreover, the average residence time (MRT0-∞) values of 38.6, 23.0 and 115.3 h for hemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle are achieved, which may indicate that hepatopancreas is the main organ for elimination of eugenol. After combining the conditions in a sequential bath immersion of eugenol (Treatment 3), the maximum concentration (Cmax) values of eugenol are higher than those achieved in Treatment 2, indicating that accumulation of eugenol happened in haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle. In addition, the corresponding t1/2z values are 4.7, 14.9 and 47.6 h, respectively, suggesting the faster elimination from the tissues following sequential administration. After the immersion bath, eugenol concentrations in muscle of Pacific white shrimp are lower than 2.5 mg/kg at 2 h, 48 h and 24.5 h in Treatment 1 ~ 3. Conclusions A withdrawal period of 2 h, 48 h and 24.5 h following a 300 mg L− 1 of eugenol over a 5-min, 10 mg L− 1 eugenol concentration during a 24-h and combined conditions in a sequential immersion bath were suggested.

The pharmacokinetic and residue depletion study of eugenol in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…The half-life of eugenol at a dose of 75 mg/L in rainbow trout was 12.14 h ( 20 ), which is longer than the result at the same administration concentration in this study (2.43 h). It is reported that the pharmacokinetic profile of eugenol in Pacific white shrimp was described by a first-order kinetic mode, and the half-life was 11 h in muscle after a high eugenol concentration immersion bath (300 mg/L) ( 27 ). Hou et al ( 28 ) investigated the pharmacokinetic study of eight volatile constituents extracted from Artemisia argyi Folium .…”

A meta‐analytic review of monoterpene for fish anaesthesia

“…While further pharmacokinetics studies will be required to clarify these discrepancies, this could raise issues regarding the use of monoterpenes in fish that may be used for food or released into public waterways as a washout period may be required. In this context, while data on withdrawal periods of monoterpene anaesthetics in fish is limited, studies have managed to quantify monoterpenes in tissues of aquatic species up to 12 h post‐anaesthesia after which the levels were reduced to negligible (Erbice Bianchini et al, 2020; Ke et al, 2021; Tang et al, 2022), therefore not surpassing the safety thresholds that may endanger human health (Sartori Tamburlin et al, 2021; Wojtunik‐Kulesza, 2022). As such, different countries have officially licensed eugenol as an aquatic anaesthetic with no withdrawal time (MCC (Medicines Control Council, South Africa), 2004; MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries of New Zealand), 2022) or with a withdrawal period set at 7 days (MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan), 2015) although this compound is not currently FDA‐approved (FDA (Food and Drug Administration, United States of America), 2007) and no information could be found in European agencies.…”

“…quantify monoterpenes in tissues of aquatic species up to 12 h postanaesthesia after which the levels were reduced to negligible (ErbiceBianchini et al, 2020;Ke et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2022), therefore notF I G U R E 2 (a)Evaluation of risk of bias of the included studies by SYRCLE's tool assessing 10 different domains. Contour-enhanced funnel plot analysis of induction (b) and recovery (c) time.…”

Multispectral imaging for characterizing autofluorescent tissues

“…An eugenol solution was used to induce anesthesia on the living shrimps. Eugenol, a sedative derived from plants, is commonly utilized in aquaculture to alleviate psychological stress and minimize potential harm to various species of fish and shellfish during handling, transportation, and research activities 27 .…”