Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and formulations of daidzein: An important isoflavone

Abstract

Daidzein, 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one is a naturally occurring compound present in leguminous plants, especially in soybeans. Chemically it belongs to the isoflavone class and possesses high nutritive value. Daidzein acts on estrogen receptor and is non-steroidal in nature hence it can also be called as non-steroidal phytoestrogenic compound. Daidzein has been studied by many researchers for its pharmacological activities. Daidzein metabolites were also studied in detail for their health benefits. Researchers have developed novel formulations of daidzein in the past few years to improve its aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Self-emulsified daidzein, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid daidzein nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion gel, and co-crystals are a few of them. The present review provides detailed information on the chemistry, drug development aspects, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of daidzein. A literature search was performed using various datasets like PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest Scopus, and selected websites including the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization. Daidzein has a wide range of pharmacodynamic properties in the treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiac disorders, diabetes and its complication, osteoporosis, and skin disorders. The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and drug development aspects of daidzein will help researchers to design further research work on daidzein in the future.

Effects of Daidzein, Tempeh, and a Probiotic Digested in an Artificial Gastrointestinal Tract on Calcium Deposition in Human Osteoblast-like Saos-2 Cells

“…These results underscore the capacity of concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.0 mg/mL to enhance the proliferation of Saos-2 cells. Other studies support the nontoxic nature of daidzein when administered in high doses during experimental investigations [60,61]. Daidzein at a dose exceeding 5000 mg/kg did not exhibit adverse effects in a study of acute oral toxicity and, in a 28-day study with repeated oral doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, did not induce changes in hematology parameters, clinical biochemistry, or kidney function parameters [61].…”

“…Other studies support the nontoxic nature of daidzein when administered in high doses during experimental investigations [60,61]. Daidzein at a dose exceeding 5000 mg/kg did not exhibit adverse effects in a study of acute oral toxicity and, in a 28-day study with repeated oral doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, did not induce changes in hematology parameters, clinical biochemistry, or kidney function parameters [61]. The findings in this study lay the groundwork for further exploration in both experimental and clinical investigations.…”

The Genus Cladosporium: A Prospective Producer of Natural Products

“…Compound 108 displayed inhibitory activities on inflammatory markers like NF-kB, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2. It also had an effect on various apoptotic markers like caspase-3, caspase-8, Bcl-2 and Bax, which indicates that compound 108 may have significant effects on breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and its complications, osteoporosis, eczema and skin inflammation [72].…”

Constructing Protein-Scaffolded Multienzyme Assembly Enhances the Coupling Efficiency of the P450 System for Efficient Daidzein Biosynthesis from (2S)-Naringenin

“…Daidzein is one of the major isoflavone compounds found primarily in leguminous plants. , Its healthcare benefits and potential therapeutic applications have sparked clinical interest due to its ability to alleviate oxidative stress, menopausal syndrome, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and some cancers. , Traditionally, daidzein has been sourced from plant materials, which presents several limitations, including long culture periods, specific cultivation requirements, and low abundance. , In contrast, microbial biosynthesis offers an attractive alternative for isoflavone production, characterized by high yield, shorter production cycles, and fewer environmental constraints. ,, …”