Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol after Epidural Administration in Horses

Giorgi, Mario; Saccomanni, Giuseppe; Andreoni, V.

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.11.004

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In veterinary medicine, pharmacokinetic study of tramadol (2.5 mg kg   ) and Its metabolite in donkeys has been done by (Giorgi et al, 2010) and the effectiveness of IV administration is concluded. The local anesthetic effects have been shown when administered as an epidural to horses (Natalini and Robinson, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Intraarticular Tramadol Administration on Biochemical and Cytological Properties of Equine Synovial Fluid: Comparison with Lidocaine

Jahromi¹

2011

American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Problem statement: Diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopic surgeries are procedures performed quite frequently in equine practice; and are considered to cause some degree of postoperative pain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the equine synovial fluid biochemical and cytological changes following intra-articular administration of tramadol as a potential analgesic. Approach: Six adult healthy donkeys were selected after clinical examination. Synovial fluid samples were taken from both middle carpal joints after routine preparation. Tramadol 2 mg kg −1 and 100 mg lidocaine 2% were administered to the right and left joints respectively. Synovial fluid collection from the joints was performed at 12, 24, 48-192 h after medication. Cytological examination, total protein, glucose, specific gravity, Alkaline Phosphates (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), viscosity and quality of mucin clot were measured. Comparison of treatments was performed by nonparametric sign test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Significance level was set to p ≤ 0.05. Results: Neither detectable lameness nor special side effect was observed throughout the study. Mucin clot quality test and viscosity, the amount of total nucleated cell count, glucose, ALP and LDH revealed no significant differences between various sampling times between the tramadol and lidocaine groups (P>0.05). Neutrophil count, total protein, specific gravity and AST activity were significantly different. Conclusion/Recommendations: Despite the slightly different results compared to the lidocaine, it seems that the injection of tramadol into the middle carpal joint has no adverse effects on the synovial fluid composition in this joint and it can be considered a good analgesic after arthroscopic surgery with the lowest side effects in horses.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Intraarticular Tramadol Administration on Biochemical and Cytological Properties of Equine Synovial Fluid: Comparison with Lidocaine

Jahromi¹

2011

American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, sedation is a relatively common CNS side-effect of epidurally administered alpha-2 agonists, opioids and dissociative drugs (Table 1). In contrast, CNS excitation is a rare side-effect and has only infrequently been reported in horses after the epidural administration of large doses tiletamine/zolazepam (Natalini et al 2004a) and the opioids morphine and tramadol (Giorgi et al 2010;Mirra et al 2020).…”

Section: Altered Mentation Due To Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A narrative review of caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in horses. Part 1: Safety and efficacy of epidural drugs

Kjærulff

Lindegaard

2021

Equine Veterinary Education

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The importance of adequate pain management in horses has gained increased clinical attention over the last decade or so, and many drugs and administration techniques have been investigated for the purpose of improving equine pain management. Caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia (CEAA) has the potential to be one of the most efficient techniques for management of moderate to severe pain of the pelvic limbs, the caudal part of the body and even the thoracic limbs. The epidural administration of many different drugs has been studied and clinically applied, most of them with good efficacy and minimal side-effects. In order to guide the clinician on when and how to perform CEAA in horses, this 2-part review provides a detailed review of the efficacy, safety, indications and techniques. Part 1 focuses on the efficacy and safety of epidurally administered drugs and Part 2 considers indications and contraindications, and provides a practical description on how to perform the epidural procedure. Epidural drugsThe goal when selecting drugs for epidural injections is to achieve efficient regional anaesthesia or analgesia with appropriate onset, duration and anatomical spread, and

show abstract

“…Although it has been used for some time now, our understanding and ability to predict the time course of its pharmacological effects in animals are still hampered by the presence of active metabolites and the coexistence of opioid and non-opioid mechanisms. Recently, T has been reported to be metabolized faster to inactive metabolites N-desmethyl tramadol (M2) and O,N-didesmethyl tramadol (M5), in goats (Sousa et al, 2008), dogs (McMillan et al, 2008;Giorgi et al, 2009a;2009b;2009c;2009d;2010a;Kukanich and Papich, 2011), horses (Giorgi et al, 2007;Shilo et al, 2008;Cox et al, 2010;Giorgi et al, 2010b), llamas , alpacas (Giorgi et al, 2010c), peafowl (Black et al, 2010), hawks than in cats (Pypendop and Ilkiw, 2008). The use of T has also been suggested for zoo animals .…”

Section: Tramadolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tramadol Vs Tapentadol: Anew Horizon in Pain Treatment?

Giorgi¹

2012

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Problem statement: Acute and chronic pain is a common presenting sign in animal species and human beings. Approach: Classical opioids provide very effective pain relief, although they may be less effective in the treatment of chronic pain due to their limited therapeutic windows and the induced opioid receptor down regulation. Atypical opioids, such as tramadol and tapentadol, have a dual mechanism of action and have been designed to overcome these issues through an opiate-sparing effect. Results: Tramadol activates mu opioid receptors and in addition, inhibits serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake. These actions are the result of the different enantiomers and tend to be reliant on their metabolism. Indeed, the O-desmethyltramadol phase I metabolite, is 200-300 times more potent for mu opioid receptor activation than the parental compound. For these reasons, the drug's effectiveness can vary among subjects. In veterinary medicine its effectiveness, especially after oral administration, is still uncertain and controversial. Tapentadol is a novel, atypical opioid with a unique mechanism of action. It was launched on the European drug market at the end of 2011. It has been proposed as the first representative of a new pharmacological class of centrally acting analgesics, namely, the mu opioid receptor agonist, noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors. The first human studies describe this molecule as safe and effective (equianalgesic to morphine). The drug has great potential for veterinary use because it exists as a single enantiomer only, it does not require metabolic activation to be effective and adverse effects triggered by the serotonin reuptake inhibition action are negligible. Conclusion/Recommendations: For these reasons, TAP is a promising compound however at this stage, more investigation is required before it can be recommended for regular use in veterinary medicine, the possibility of undesirable effects is yet to be entirely excluded.

show abstract

Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol after Epidural Administration in Horses

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of Intraarticular Tramadol Administration on Biochemical and Cytological Properties of Equine Synovial Fluid: Comparison with Lidocaine

Effects of Intraarticular Tramadol Administration on Biochemical and Cytological Properties of Equine Synovial Fluid: Comparison with Lidocaine

A narrative review of caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in horses. Part 1: Safety and efficacy of epidural drugs

Tramadol Vs Tapentadol: Anew Horizon in Pain Treatment?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About