Pharmacokinetics of the Sri Lankan hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) venom following intravenous and intramuscular injections of the venom into rabbits

The Influence of the Different Disposition Characteristics of Snake Toxins on the Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom

“…This was despite many of the mixtures comprising more than three toxins with widely different molecular weights and PK characteristics. This finding is consistent with previous PK studies in which no more than three-compartment PK behaviour was reported following an intravenous or intramuscular administration of snake venom in animals [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], and following uncontrolled observational studies of snakebite in human patients [15,16,18]. Our simulated "H. hypnale venom" data was best described by a two-compartment model (with a slightly lower preference for a three-compartment model), similar to the animal (rabbit) study, in which H. hypnale venom was shown to exhibit three-compartment behaviour [10].…”

“…In the past three decades, a number of studies had been conducted to investigate the PK of snake venom in animals (e.g., [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]) and following human envenomation (e.g., [14][15][16][17]). A review of the pharmacokinetic analyses of these data indicated that the most common disposition model used was a two-compartment model, although one-and three-compartment models were also reported [18].…”

Revisiting Notechis scutatus venom: on shotgun proteomics and neutralization by the “bivalent” Sea Snake Antivenom

“…: 0.30-0.68), indicating an incomplete systemic bioavailability through subcutaneous inoculation. This is presumably due to the binding and interaction of enzymatic toxins (PLA 2 and SVMP) with local tissues, thus reducing the systemic absorption of some venom components [34,35]. Nevertheless, this does not compromise the lethal effect of the venom; it had been reported that tiger snakes have a low dry bite rate, and prior to antivenom development, had a 45% fatality rate for bites [12].…”

Prolonged Coagulopathy, Ecchymoses, and Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia Following Hump-Nosed Pit Viper (Hypnale hypnale) Bite in Sri Lanka

“…So generalized ecchymoses in this patient could be due to the deficient clotting factors, as coagulopathy was corrected on day 6 either spontaneously or with the administration of FFP or, by that time, venom could be eliminated from the plasma, because the pharmacokinetics of H. hypnale venom shows a rapid and a slow distribution phase followed by a long elimination phase with a systemic clearance of 6.8 mL/h/kg in intravenous or intramuscular route in rabbits. 29 There is evidence to support the benefit of FFP in bleeding patients due to VICC with a broad range of factor deficiencies because of procoagulant toxins. [30][31][32] As FFP contains almost all the factors-such as fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, and factor X-treatment with FFP would restore the clotting cascade.…”