Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects

Abstract

Background and objective: Hesperetin and naringenin, the aglycones of the flavanone glycosides hesperidin and naringin, occur naturally in citrus fruits. They exert interesting pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood lipid and cholesterol lowering and are considered to contribute to health benefits in humans. However, no information is available on the pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanones hesperetin and naringenin after their oral administration to humans as pure aglycones. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of hesperetin and naringenin in plasma and urine, after their single oral administration in humans in the form of solid dispersion capsules, and also to improve the absorption rate of flavanones by using aglycones rather than the naturally occurring glycosides. Design: Six healthy volunteers received orally 135 mg of each compound, hesperetin and naringenin, under fasting conditions. Blood samples were collected at 14 different time points over a 12 h period. Urine was collected over 24 h, in five sequential timed intervals. Plasma and urine hesperetin and naringenin concentrations, after enzymatic hydrolysis of their conjugated forms, were measured using validated high-pressure liquid chromatography methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters for hesperetin and naringenin, such as C max , T max , AUC 0Àt , AUC 0ÀN , CL/F, V/F, t 1/2 , MRT, A e , A e ( 0-24 ), and R max were calculated from their plasma or urine concentrations. Results: Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that both hesperetin and naringenin were rapidly absorbed and their concentrations in plasma observed 20 min after dosing and reached a peak in 4.0 and 3.5 h, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentration (C max ) for hesperetin and naringenin were 825.787410.63 ng/ml (2731.871358.4 nmol/l) and 2009.517770.82 ng/ml (7386.672833.4 nmol/l), respectively and the mean AUC 0ÀN values were 4846.2071675.99 ng h/ml and 9424.527 2960.52 ng h/ml for hesperetin and naringenin, respectively. The elimination half-life for hesperetin was found to be 3.0570.91 h and for naringenin 2.3170.40 h, respectively. The mean values of the relative cumulative urinary excretion, as percentage of the administered dose, for hesperetin and naringenin, were found to be 3.2670.44 and 5.8170.81%, respectively. Conclusions: Oral administration of the flavanone aglycones, hesperetin and naringenin, lead to their rapid absorption as their conjugated forms. The cumulative urinary recovery data indicated low bioavailability for both flavanone aglycones, owing to extensive first-pass metabolism partly by cleavage of the C-ring by the enzymes of intestinal bacteria leading to degradation products such as phenolic acids.

Flavanones That Selectively Inhibit TRPM3 Attenuate Thermal Nociception In Vivo

“…Naringenin and hesperetin are citrus fruit flavanones that were often used for in vivo studies in mice and even in humans (Kanaze et al, 2007). We therefore decided to perform the in vivo experiments with the newly identified and poorly described isosakuranetin and with hesperetin, which has already been published and tested in in vivo studies.…”

Formulation and Evaluation of Polymeric Nanosuspension of Naringenin

“…The samples were withdrawn at specific time intervals for 1 hr and replaced with fresh buffer solution. Finally, the samples were analyzed using UV spectrophotometer at 290 nm [27].…”

Evaluation of the Intravenous and Topical Routes for Ocular Delivery of Hesperidin and Hesperetin

“…27,28 However, hesperetin-glucuronide standard is commercially not available; therefore, the plasma samples were run in duplicates with and without the addition of 40 mL of 15,000 U/mL of beta-glucuronidase (HP-2 type solution from Helix pomatia) in the 0.1 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0). Following the addition of the beta-glucuronidase, samples were incubated at 37°C for 2 h, to convert the conjugated metabolite to parent hesperetin.…”