Pharmacokinetics of table and Port red wine anthocyanins: a crossover trial in healthy men

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of Port and table red wine anthocyanins in healthy men. Volunteers were recruited to drink 250 mL of a table red wine (221 mg of anthocyanins) and 150 mL of young Port red wine (49 mg of anthocyanins). Venous blood was collected from participants at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after wine ingestion. Urine samples were collected at baseline and at 120 min. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin metabolites in plasma and urine samples were quantified by HPLC-DAD and tentatively identified by LC-MS. Red wine anthocyanins were detected in their intact forms in both plasma and urine samples, but the glucuronylated metabolites of peonidin and malvidin (PnGlucr and MvGlucr) were the two main derivatives detected after both red wine consumptions. For the first time, and supported by the synthesis of Mv3Glucr, the main pathway followed by Mv3glc after absorption was described and involves anthocyanidin conjugation with glucuronic acid after glucose removal. Despite the lower total content of anthocyanins ingested when volunteers drank Port wine, no differences were observed in the plasma C of MvGlucr and PnGlucr after table and Port red wine consumption. The relative bioavailability of anthocyanins in Port wine was 96.58 ± 5.74%, compared to the anthocyanins present in red wine. In conclusion, both Port and table red wines are good sources of bioavailable anthocyanins.

Exploring the Applications of the Photoprotective Properties of Anthocyanins in Biological Systems

“…However, and similar to plasma glucose, anthocyanins may be transported across the cell membrane through facilitative glucose transporters, namely the constitutive isoform GLUT1 or other isoforms, which may provide a route for a higher bioavailability of anthocyanins phase II metabolites in the BRB [ 119 ]. Glucuronidation is the major route for metabolization of anthocyanins after ingestion in human intervention studies [ 120 ]; these metabolites are also able to be transported by GLUTs [ 121 ]. Table 1 shows a summary of the photoprotective effects of anthocyanins in different models.…”

“…Anthocyanin’s bioavailability is normally considered rather low; however, today it is widely known that many factors underestimate the real bioavailability of such compounds [ 187 ]. Recent evidence suggests that these compounds can be absorbed at the gastrointestinal level and detected in the systemic circulation [ 120 , 187 , 188 , 189 ]. Together with their metabolites, these compounds can be detected after a few minutes after ingestion.…”

Anthocyanins as Antidiabetic Agents—In Vitro and In Silico Approaches of Preventive and Therapeutic Effects

“…Poor absorption in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, susceptibility to gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic environments and the action of the microbiota may also contribute to the reported low bioavailability of anthocyanins; such features result in the detection a relatively small portion of the initial parent anthocyanins in blood and urine [ 25 , 26 ]. Additionally, even absorbed intact anthocyanins may undergo further metabolization in the liver or kidney [ 27 , 28 ].…”

“…In a recent clinical trial, red wine and Port wine were given to volunteers, and after the consumption of the wines, anthocyanins were detected in their intact forms in both plasma and urine samples, but the glucuronylated metabolites of peonidin and malvidin were the two main derivatives detected after both red wine consumptions [ 25 ]. Furthermore, evidence that red wine anthocyanins are also extensively metabolized came up more than a decade ago [ 165 , 166 ].…”

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“…12 After analysis of urine and plasma samples, glucuronidation was clearly identified as the main metabolic pathway, although the detailed mechan ism was still missing.…”