Pharmacokinetics of Pantoprazole and Pantoprazole Sulfone in Goats After Intravenous Administration: A Preliminary Report

Abstract

Background: Ruminant species are at risk of developing abomasal ulceration, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for anti-ulcer therapies, such as the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole, in goats.Objective: The primary study objective was to estimate the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole in adult goats after intravenous administration. A secondary objective was to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters for the metabolite, pantoprazole sulfone, in goats.Methods: Pantoprazole was administered intravenously to six adult goats at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected over 36h and analyzed via reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for determination of pantoprazole and pantoprazole sulfone concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis.Results: Plasma clearance, elimination half-life, and volume of distribution of pantoprazole were estimated at 0.345 mL/kg/min, 0.7 h, and 0.9 L/kg, respectively following IV administration. The maximum concentration, elimination half-life and area under the curve of pantoprazole sulfone were estimated at 0.1 μg/mL, 0.8 h, and 0.2 hr*μg/mL, respectively. The global extraction ratio was estimated 0.00795 ± 0.00138. All animals had normal physical examinations after conclusion of the study.Conclusion: The reported plasma clearance for pantoprazole is lower than reported for foals, calves, and alpacas. The elimination half-life appears to be < that reported for foals and calves. Future pharmacodynamic studies are necessary for determination of the efficacy of pantoprazole on acid suppression in goats.

Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) after intravenous and subcutaneous administration

“…Clinical signs range from mild (anorexia/hyporexia) to severe (acute death) but are often vague and difficult to interpret definitively as indicators of abomasal ulceration. Contributing to ulceration include factors such as age, weather, housing, stress, trauma, nutrition, bacterial overgrowth, and the administration of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) (5)(6)(7). Small ruminants placed in a new environment, such as a hospital, can experience high levels of physiological stress, and many of these hospitalized patients also receive an NSAID as part of their treatment protocol.…”

“…The pharmacokinetic parameters for esomeprazole in goats were determined from plasma time vs. concentration data as previously described for non-compartmental analysis ( 6 , 9 , 16 ). Analysis of pharmacokinetics for each individual was performed with commercial modeling software using a statistical moments approach (PKanalix, Monolix Suite 2020R1, Lixoft, France).…”

“…Summary statistics on the individual PK parameters were performed thereafter to derive the geometric mean, median, and (min–max) range. Pharmacokinetic parameters for the sulfone metabolite, were determined from plasma time vs. concentration data as previously described ( 6 , 17 ).…”

“…However, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of the effects of PPIs in small ruminants are limited. An investigation of pantoprazole administered to goats found plasma clearance of the drug to be lower for small ruminants than for members of other species, such as foals, calves, and alpacas ( 6 ). This study also reported that the elimination half-life was less than reported in other species, and that the concentration of intravenously or subcutaneously administered pantoprazole was undetectable after 4 h in all animals ( 6 ).…”

“…An investigation of pantoprazole administered to goats found plasma clearance of the drug to be lower for small ruminants than for members of other species, such as foals, calves, and alpacas ( 6 ). This study also reported that the elimination half-life was less than reported in other species, and that the concentration of intravenously or subcutaneously administered pantoprazole was undetectable after 4 h in all animals ( 6 ). A previous study examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of intravenously (IV) and subcutaneously (SC) administered pantoprazole in alpacas ( 8 ).…”