Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered caffeine in healthy alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama)

Lakritz, Jeffrey; Middleton, John R.; Anderson, David E.; Linden, Daniel R.; Samś, R. A.; Tessman, Ronald K.; Tyler, Jeff W.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.67.6.1063

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The lack of a treatment effect on caffeine clearance rate was inconsistent with our hypothesis that niacin would decrease liver lipid content and therefore improve liver function. The use of caffeine clearance is a relatively novel approach to assessing liver function in lactating dairy cows but has been well validated in other species (Lakritz et al, 2006). Caffeine elimination half-life is highly correlated with liver function (Lakritz et al, 2006) because caffeine is metabolized through the P-450 cytochrome oxidase system (CYP-450;De-Graves et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On d 7 postpartum, a caffeine clearance test was performed to assess liver function, following the protocol of Lakritz et al (2006). Jugular catheters (#1411, Mila International, Erlanger, KY) were placed and caffeine was administered intravenously (2 mg/kg of BW) as caffeine and sodium benzoate (C4144, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) in a sterile pyrogen-free normal saline solution (50 mg of caffeine/mL of solution).…”

Section: Data and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caffeine was analyzed using HPLC as described by Lakritz et al (2006). Briefly, 250 μL of plasma was added to 250 μL of 0.8 M perchloric acid and centrifuged at 14,000 × g for 20 min at 21°C.…”

Section: Liver and Plasma Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caffeine elimination half-lives were determined by plotting postinfusion concentrations over time for each animal, performing an exponential regression on these values (y = a × e −bx , where a = intercept and b = slope), and using the equation half-life = ln 2/slope (Lakritz et al, 2006). Slope and intercept values were used for subsequent analysis only if the regression r 2 value was >0.8, which resulted in 18 values being used.…”

Section: Data and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of encapsulated niacin on metabolism and production of periparturient dairy cows

Morey

Mamedova

Anderson

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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Nicotinic acid (niacin) can suppress lipolysis, but responses to dietary niacin have been inconsistent in cattle. Our aim was to determine if 24 g/d of encapsulated niacin (EN; providing 9.6g/d of bioavailable nicotinic acid) alters lipid metabolism and productivity of transition cows. Beginning 21 d before expected calving, primiparous (n = 9) and multiparous (n = 13) cows (body condition score of 3.63 ± 0.08) were sequentially assigned within parity to EN (12 g provided with ration twice daily) or control through 21 d postpartum. Liver biopsies were collected on d -21, -4, 1, 7, and 21 relative to parturition. Blood samples were collected on d -21, -14, -7, -4, 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 relative to parturition. On d 7 postpartum, a caffeine clearance test was performed to assess liver function, and on d 21 to 23 postpartum, blood samples were collected every 8h to monitor posttreatment nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) responses. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures over time. A treatment × time × parity effect was observed on prepartum dry matter intake (DMI), which was caused by a 4 kg/d decrease in DMI of EN-treated multiparous cows compared with control multiparous cows during the final 4 d prepartum. A significant increase in plasma nicotinamide concentration occurred in EN-treated cows on d -7 and 21 relative to parturition. Prepartum glucose concentration decreased in treated animals, with no difference in plasma insulin concentration. Treatment × time × parity effects were detected for NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations during the postpartum period. Plasma NEFA peaked at 1,467 ± 160 μM for control animals compared with 835 ± 154 μM for EN-treated animals. After treatments ended on d 21, no evidence was found for a plasma NEFA rebound in either parity group. A treatment × parity × time interaction was detected for liver triglyceride content, indicating a tendency for less liver triglyceride in EN-treated primiparous cows, but caffeine clearance rates were not affected by treatment. No treatment effects were observed for body condition score, body weight, energy balance, or milk or milk component production. A high dose of EN can decrease postpartum plasma NEFA concentration, but may also decrease prepartum DMI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Liver and Plasma Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of encapsulated niacin on metabolism and production of periparturient dairy cows

Morey

Mamedova

Anderson

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…However, comparisons of clearance between camels and llamas or alpacas for caffeine, ceftiofur, and enrofloxacin suggest the values are not similar enough across drugs to recommend extrapolating from camels more than any other species. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Comparisons between cattle and llamas or alpacas for pharmacokinetic parameters for intramuscular ampicillin sodium, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin (although formulation differences may exist, and differences may be caused by rates of conversion to ciprofloxacin) also revealed no obvious trend in similarities. 34,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Veterinarians will have to continue to select dosages empirically for those drugs that have not been studied in llamas and alpacas until allometric or other systematic methods are used to extrapolate doses from those for ruminants and other species.…”

Section: Principles Of Extrapolatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Therapy in Llamas and Alpacas

Fajt¹

2014

Llama and Alpaca Care

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Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacas

Chan

Duran

Walz

et al. 2009

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Voriconazole is a new antifungal drug that has shown effectiveness in treating serious fungal infections and has the potential for being used in large animal veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole after single-dose intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration to alpacas. Four alpacas were treated with single 4 mg/kg i.v. and oral administrations of voriconazole. Plasma voriconazole concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The terminal half-lives following i.v. and oral administration were 8.01 +/- 2.88 and 8.75 +/- 4.31 h, respectively; observed maximum plasma concentrations were 5.93 +/- 1.13 and 1.70 +/- 2.71 microg/mL, respectively; and areas under the plasma concentration vs. time curve were 38.5 +/- 11.1 and 9.48 +/- 6.98 mg.h/L, respectively. The apparent systemic oral availability was low with a value of 22.7 +/- 9.5%. The drug plasma concentrations remained above 0.1 microg/mL for at least 24 h after single i.v. dosing. The i.v. administration of 4 mg/kg/day voriconazole may be a safe and appropriate option for antifungal treatment of alpacas. Due to the low extent of absorption in alpacas, oral voriconazole doses of 20.4 to 33.9 mg/kg/day may be needed.

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Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered caffeine in healthy alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama)

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of encapsulated niacin on metabolism and production of periparturient dairy cows

Effects of encapsulated niacin on metabolism and production of periparturient dairy cows

Drug Therapy in Llamas and Alpacas

Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacas

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