Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in fingerling rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)

Bowser, Paul R.; Wooster, Gregory A.; Leger, Judy St.; Babish, John G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1992.tb00987.x

Cited by 82 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Studies on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in a variety of fish species, mainly salmonids, treated by the oral or the parenteral route at doses ranging from 5 to 50 mg kg Ϫ1 have been published (4,25,26,29,33). In contrast, very few studies on the pharmacokinetics of the quinolones in fishes treated with multiple doses of medicated feed and reared under field conditions have been carried out (27,32,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long Depletion Time of Enrofloxacin in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Lucchetti

Fabrizi

Guandalini

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The international production of farmed fish has been growing continuously over recent years. Until now few veterinary drugs have been approved by the European Union for use in aquaculture, and this has favored the off-label use of products authorized for use in food-producing animal species different from fishes among fish farmers. Adequate field studies are lacking, especially for those species called minor species which are consumed extensively only in some European countries. In the present investigation we studied the depletion of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial enrofloxacin over time in a minor species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), reared on a real fish farm and treated with medicated feed (10 mg kg of trout body weight ؊1 day ؊1 ). Edible tissue samples (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) and fish bone samples were analyzed for enrofloxacin and for its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin, by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection at different times after the end of treatment. Our results show that at 500°C-day (in which degree-days are calculated by multiplying the mean daily water temperature by the total number of days on which the temperature was measured), which is the minimum withdrawal period established by European Economic Commission Directive No. 82/2001 for any type of product administered off-label, edible trout tissues might still contain about 170 g of enrofloxacin kg ؊1 , whereas the maximum residue level for enrofloxacin plus ciprofloxacin is set at 100 g kg ؊1 . To our knowledge, no studies of the depletion of enrofloxacin in rainbow trout have been performed. On the basis of the data obtained in the present study, we suggest a more appropriate withdrawal time of 816°C-day for the sum of enrofloxacin plus ciprofloxacin levels in rainbow trout muscle plus skin tissues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1b). Some microbiological, metabolism and pharmacokinetic aspects of enrofloxacin have been reported from previous studies with fishes (3,4,11,25,26,29,33); however, very few data on enrofloxacin depletion in fishes reared under field conditions are available (11,32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Depletion Time of Enrofloxacin in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Lucchetti

Fabrizi

Guandalini

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…However, there are several single reports indicating that their pharmacokinetic properties vary considerably from one compound to another (7,11,19,24). It is therefore important to clarify the pharmacokinetic properties of the different quinolones in fish, so as to be able to select the most beneficial compound for the treatment of bacterial fish diseases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C

Martinsen

Horsberg

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

110

105

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Quinolones are currently the most commonly used group of antimicrobial agents in Norwegian aquaculture. The aims of this study were to examine and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of the quinolones oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin after intravascular and oral administration to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by using identical experimental designs. The study was performed in seawater at 10.2 ؎ 0.2؇C with Atlantic salmon weighing 240 ؎ 50 g (mean ؎ standard deviation). The bioavailability varied considerably among the four quinolones. Following oral administration of medicated feed, the bioavailabilities of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin were 30.1, 44.7, 2.2, and 55.5%, respectively. Taking the different dosages (25 mg/kg of body weight for oxolinic acid and flumequine and 10 mg/kg for sarafloxacin and enrofloxacin) into account, enrofloxacin showed the highest maximum concentration in plasma, followed by flumequine, oxolinic acid, and sarafloxacin. Following intravenous administration, the volumes of distribution at steady state of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin were 5.4, 3.5, 2.3, and 6.1 liters/kg, respectively. Hence, all the quinolones showed good tissue penetration in Atlantic salmon. The elimination half-life of three of the quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, and sarafloxacin, was less than or equal to 24 h, with oxolinic acid showing the shortest (18.2 h). On the other hand, the elimination half-life of enrofloxacin was estimated to be 34.2 h, almost twice that of oxolinic acid. This study showed that flumequine and enrofloxacin had better pharmacokinetic properties, compared with those of oxolinic acid, in Atlantic salmon held in seawater.In recent years, the quinolones oxolinic acid and flumequine have been the most frequently used antimicrobial agents in Norwegian aquaculture (17). Sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, and other fluoroquinolones have showed enhanced in vitro activities compared with those of older quinolones, such as oxolinic acid and flumequine, against fish pathogenic bacteria (2, 21). Studies have also revealed better bactericidal activity (3, 16), as well as promising clinical efficacy in treatment of bacterial fish diseases (6,14,29). The chemical structures of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin are shown in Fig. 1.The pharmacokinetic properties of quinolones have not been extensively studied in fish. However, there are several single reports indicating that their pharmacokinetic properties vary considerably from one compound to another (7,11,19,24). It is therefore important to clarify the pharmacokinetic properties of the different quinolones in fish, so as to be able to select the most beneficial compound for the treatment of bacterial fish diseases.Some data concerning the pharmacokinetic properties of oxolinic acid and flumequine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are available (11,12,24). As regards sarafloxacin and enrofloxacin in Atlantic salmon, one paper on the kinetics of s...

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“…12 Juvenile Salmo salar fed with 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg ENX by gavage did not show significant differences in drug accumulation in different tissues. 13 However, the biological utilization rate of 53% in Oncorhynchus mykiss after oral gavage of 5 mg/kg ENX at 15 C was far higher than that (9%) in O. mykiss after oral gavage of 50 mg/kg ENX at 10 C. 14 Intraperitoneal injection of ENX usually resulted in a fast absorption, shorter time ....................................................................................................................... interval to peak concentration and a higher concentration compared with oral gavage. 15 The safe dose of ENX for sturgeons (159 mg/kg) 16 is similar to that for Cyprinus carpio var.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rule of accumulation of enrofloxacin in Acipenser baerii and drug-induced damage to the tissues

Wang

Lü

2016

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Enrofloxacin (ENX) has been widely used in the prevention and control of bacterial diseases in sturgeon aquaculture due to its characteristics of wide antibacterial spectrum, strong antibacterial activity, less toxicity and fewer side effects, rapid action, extensive in vivo distribution, and little cross-resistance with other antibiotics. However, the spinal abnormality was found in Acipenser baerii soon after ENX administration, which resulted an ''S''-shaped curvature of the spine and retarded fish growth. It was still not clear whether ENX could cause spinal abnormality in sturgeons by now. The aim of this work was to determine the accumulation rule and toxicity of ENX to A. baerii when used at a high dose and/or unusually long durations. Here, ENX was orally given to A. baerii for 3-5 d continuously at the dosage of 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg once daily, respectively. The accumulation of ENX in blood, liver, kidney, and cartilage was detected after withdrawal, and the tissues were made into sections for morphological examination. The results showed that the levels of ENX increased in the four tissues with the increase of dose and duration, and the ENX level in serum was far lower than that in other tissues. At 240 h, ENX levels in the four tissues decreased significantly. The histology indicated that the liver, kidney, and cartilage began to show structural damages at 5 d after withdrawal of 40 mg/kg ENX. The damage was aggravated at 3-5 d after withdrawal of 80 mg/kg ENX. At 240 h, the damaged tissues showed signs of recovery. These results suggested that ENX should be no more than 40 mg/kg and that exposure time should not be greater than 5 d to prevent liver, kidney, and cartilage damage. More attention should be paid to the impact of ENX on the occurrence and development of chondrocytes in juvenile A. baerii and the potential damage to the cartilage.

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Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cited by 82 publications

References 15 publications

Long Depletion Time of Enrofloxacin in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Long Depletion Time of Enrofloxacin in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C

Rule of accumulation of enrofloxacin in Acipenser baerii and drug-induced damage to the tissues

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