Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in Peekapoo dogs following a single intravenous and subcutaneous injection

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of ceftiofur (as measured by ceftiofur and its active metabolites concentrations) in a small‐size dog breed, Peekapoo, following a single intravenous or subcutaneous injection of ceftiofur sodium. The study population comprised of five clinically healthy Peekapoo dogs with an average body weight (BW) of 3.4 kg. Each dog received either intravenous or subcutaneous injection, both at 5 mg/kg BW (calculated as pure ceftiofur). Plasma samples were collected at different time points after the administration. Ceftiofur and its active metabolites were extracted from plasma samples, derivatized, and further quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations versus time data were subjected to noncompartmental analysis to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters. The terminal half‐life (t1/2λz) was calculated as 7.40 ± 0.79 and 7.91 ± 1.53 hr following intravenous and subcutaneous injections, respectively. After intravenous treatment, the total body clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution at steady‐state (VSS) were determined as 39.91 ± 4.04 ml hr−1 kg−1 and 345.71 ± 28.66 ml/kg, respectively. After subcutaneous injection, the peak concentration (Cmax; 10.50 ± 0.22 μg/ml) was observed at 3.2 ± 1.1 hr, and the absorption half‐life (t1/2ka) and absolute bioavailability (F) were calculated as 0.74 ± 0.23 hr and 91.70%±7.34%, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ceftiofur and its related metabolites demonstrated their quick and excellent absorption after subcutaneous administration, in addition to poor distribution and slow elimination in Peekapoo dogs. Based on the time of concentration above minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) values calculated here, an intravenous or subcutaneous dose at 5 mg/kg of ceftiofur sodium once every 12 hr is predicted to be effective for treating canine bacteria with a MIC value of ≤4.0 μg/ml.

Corrigendum to “Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in Peekapoo dogs following a single intravenous and subcutaneous injection”

“…The authors regret that some important information was inadvertently omitted in their previously published article (Yang et al, 2020; DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12866). The five Peekapoo dogs were kept in individual cages, and the dimensions of the cages were 94 cm × 84 cm × 64 cm (length, height, width), which was considered sufficient.…”

Response to Letter to the Editor regarding ‘Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in Peekapoo dogs following a single intravenous and subcutaneous injection’

“…We are writing in response to the Letter to the Editor submitted by Dr Pascal Richez, in which he expressed concern about animal welfare in the study we recently published in JVPT (Yang et al, 2020).…”

“…Indeed, as veterinarians, we should always pay attention to the welfare of pets. The study (Yang et al, 2020) was planned following the rescue of some stray dogs. In March 2019, the Stray Animal Adoption Shelter in Luoyang City requested assistance for some Peekapoo dogs suffering from trauma, respiratory disease, or urinary tract disease.…”

“…In our previous manuscript (Yang et al, 2020), the authors regret that some important information was inadvertently omitted. The five Peekapoo dogs were indeed kept in cages individually, although these were 94 cm × 84 cm × 64 cm (length, height, width) and considered sufficient.…”

Animal welfare concerns highlight inequitable requirements

“…The recently published study on the Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in Peekapoo dogs following a single intravenous and subcutaneous injection (Yang et al., 2020) generated feedback that raises important questions for scientific journals, publishers and peer reviewers, as well as those working in animal‐based research more broadly.…”