Pharmacokinetics and tissue behavior of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in turbot Scophthalmus maximus at two water temperatures

Abstract

Turbot Scophthalmus maximus , an important aquaculture species in China, currently suffers from epizootic diseases because of high density aquaculture. Enrofl oxacin has been used to treat various systemic bacterial fi sh infections. However, studies concerning the pharmacokinetics of enrofl oxacin in turbot are limited. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of enrofl oxacin and its metabolite ciprofl oxacin, were investigated in the turbot following intravenous and oral administration at 10 mg enrofl oxacin/kg body weight, at 16°C and 10°C water temperatures. The concentrations of enrofl oxacin and ciprofl oxacin in the main tissues (plasma, muscle, liver and kidney) were detected by HPLC. The results show that the plasma concentration-time data for enrofl oxacin were best described as a two-compartment open model after intravenous and oral administration. Three pharmacokinetic equations were established between the concentrations and temperatures. The kinetic profi le of enrofl oxacin was temperature dependent. The absorption half-life of enrofl oxacin was 1.99 h and 2.17 h after oral administration, whereas the elimination half-life of the drug was 98.63 h and 136.59 h at 16°C and 10°C, respectively. The peak concentration of enrofl oxacin in plasma and tissues was higher at 16°C than that at 10°C, and the peak plasma concentration time in the liver was the shortest at both temperatures among those of other tissues. The plasma C max /MIC ratio varied between 11.08 and 5 540.00 at 16°C; and between 7.92 and 3 960.00 at 10°C. The AUC/MIC ratio was 467.82-280 690.00 at 16°C, and 359.48-215 690.00 at 10°C. These ratios indicate that it is possible to obtain therapeutic effi cacy. Very low levels of ciprofl oxacin were detected. The AUC ratios of ciprofl oxacin and enrofl oxacin in plasma suggest that plasma ciprofl oxacin might play a minor role in enrofl oxacin treatment for turbot.

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after oral, intramuscular and bath administration in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

“…Following PO administration, the T 1/2ka (0.13 hr) of ENR was shorter compared with 0.82 hr in snakehead fish (Fang et al., ), 1.394 hr in Korean catfish (Kim et al., ), 1.99 hr in turbot scophthalmus maximus (Liang et al., ) and 6.03 hr in seabass (Intorre et al., ); this indicated that ENR was rapidly absorbed in crucian carp after gavage. T 1/2β and AUC of ENR in crucian carp treated orally were 62.17 hr and 162.72 μg hr/ml, respectively; the values were considerably higher than those determined in Korean catfish (Kim et al., ), brown trout (Koc, Uney, Atamanalp, Tumer, & Kaban, ) and snakehead fish (Fang et al., ), while they were considerably lower than those of turbot scophthalmus maximus (Liang et al., ) and European eel (Fang, Yu, Cai, Zhou, & Huang, ). The reason for those differences is not clear.…”

“…China has given permission for ENR to be used in aquaculture, and it has become an essential strategy to confront and alleviate infectious disease and reduce animal mortality. The pharmacokinetics of ENR have been reported in a number of aquatic animals, including Korean catfish (Kim, Lim, Park, Hwang, & Yun, ), seabass (Intorre et al., ), snakehead fish (Fang, Zhou, & Liu, ), striped catfish (Phu et al., ) and turbot (Liang, Li, Zhao, Liu, & Chang, ). Nevertheless, information about the pharmacokinetics of ENR in crucian carp is deficient.…”

Lack of gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in Fenneropenaeus chinensis after intramuscular administration

“…The distribution half-lives of OTC in F. chinensis were 1.82 h in females and 2.50 h in males, both longer than those of antibacterial agents such as enroflxacin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole, marbofloxacin, and miloxacin (Liang et al, 2012;Rubio-Langre et al, 2012;Li et al, 2008) but shorter than sulphamonomethoxine in other species.…”

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Atlantic horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) after single injection

“…This is a well‐known conversion in most mammalian species, but appears to be species dependent in nonmammals. Teleosts such as the red pacu ( Colossoma brachypomum ), European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ), turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ), and Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) all convert enrofloxacin into ciprofloxacin, while the seabream ( Sparus aurata ) does not (Della Rocca, Di Salvo, Malvisi, & Sello, ; Intorre et al., ; Lewbart et al., ; Liang, Li, Zhao, Liu, & Chang, ; Xu, Zhu, Wang, Deng, & Zhang, ). Invertebrates such as the Chinese mitten‐handed crab, giant freshwater prawn, ridgetail white prawn, and Chinese shrimp ( Penaeus chinensis ) convert enrofloxacin into ciprofloxacin, while the European cuttlefish, Manila clam, and green sea urchin do not (Chang et al., ; Gore et al., ; Liang et al., ; Phillips et al., ; Poapolathep et al., ; Wu et al., ; Xu et al., ).…”