Pharmacokinetics and thermal anti-nociceptive effects of oral morphine in horses
Heather K. Knych,
Stacy J. Steinmetz,
Megan L. Traynham
et al.
Abstract:IntroductionMorphine is an effective analgesic in horses, however, IV administration at therapeutic doses has been shown to produce dose-dependent neuroexcitation and unwanted gastrointestinal effects. The analgesic effects of morphine have, at least in part, been attributed to the morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) metabolite. Oral administration to horses results in comparable M6G concentrations to that achieved following IV administration of a therapeutic dose without the adverse effects. The anti-nociceptive eff… Show more
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