Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of folic acid and plasma levels of bioactive folates after folic acid administration to pigs

Kokue, Eiichi; Sekiya, Tatsuro; Shimoda, Minoru; Natsuhori, Masahiro

doi:10.1080/01652176.1994.9694426

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…From the results of the present study, the three sources of reduced folates increased plasma folate levels, while synthetic FA did not increase plasma folate levels after single and long-term multiple oral administrations. Our results contradict those of the report by Kokue et al (1994). They reported an increase in plasma THF and 5CH 3 -THF, and FA levels after oral FA administration at a dose of 50 mg kg -1 body weight.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…They reported an increase in plasma THF and 5CH 3 -THF, and FA levels after oral FA administration at a dose of 50 mg kg -1 body weight. The difference with the present experiment may be age-related because young pigs were used by Kokue et al (1994). Indeed, it has been shown that intestinal mucosa may be more permeable in young pigs than in adults to oral administration of polar antibiotics (Nouws 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Although differences might exist in the genetic potential of animals for reproductive performance among different trials, it is possible that bioavailability of dietary folic acid is involved. Kokue et al (1994) reported that an oral administration of FA (1 mg kg -1 body weight) did not increase the levels of plasma folate, THF and 5CH 3 -THF in pigs. FA is a synthetic form of oxidized folate and does not occur naturally.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of oral administration of folate sources on plasma folate levels in pigs: Comparison between reduced and oxidized forms of folate

Mizuno¹,

Kokue²,

Ohnishi³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. Effect of oral administration of folate sources on plasma folate levels in pigs: Comparison between reduced and oxidized forms of folate. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77: [497][498][499][500][501][502]. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of plasma folate levels after oral administration of oxidized or reduced forms of folates, using seven Göttingen minipigs. Plasma folate levels, tetrahydrofolate (THF) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5CH 3 -THF), were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In exp. 1, the absorption of the oxidized form of folate [(synthetic folic acid(FA)] and the reduced forms of folate (5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5HCO-THF), liver powder and digested bacterial cell powder (DBCP) were evaluated by measuring changes in plasma folate levels after a single oral administration. Liver powder and DBCP contained much reduced forms of folate. The administration of the reduced form of folates increased plasma THF levels while the levels of plasma THF and 5CH 3 -THF decreased after FA administration. In exp. 2, plasma folate levels were measured after long-term oral administration of FA for 30 d. Immediately after the beginning of the administration, the levels of both THF and 5CH 3 -THF decreased significantly and remained at a low level during the 30-d administration. Supplementation of sow feed with FA has been recommended in many countries improving reproductive performance. The present study, however, suggests that the oral administration of an oxidized form of folate, FA, may not be as effective as previously thought, and the reduced forms of folate might be preferable for the supplementation of pig feeds. Sci. 77: 497-502. Deux expériences avaient pour objet d'évaluer la réponse des concentrations plasmatiques de folates à l'administration orale à des porcs miniatures Göttingen de folate dans la forme réduite ou dans la forme oxydée. Les concentrations plasmatiques des folates, tétrahydrofolate (THF) et méthyle-5 tétrahydrofolate (CH 3 -5THF) étaient mesurées par HPLC à détection électrochimique. Dans la première expérience l'absorption d'une forme oxydée (acide folique de synthèse AF) et d'une forme réduite formyl-5 tétrahydrofolate (HCO-5THF) ainsi que de poudre de foie et de poudre de digesta de cellules bactériennes (PDCB) était comparée quant à l'effet sur les modifications des taux plasmatiques de folate après une seule administration orale. La poudre de foie et la PDCB contenaient beaucoup de folate sous la forme réduite. L'administration de folate réduit donnait lieu à un accroissement des taux plasmatiques de THF, tandis que celle de la forme oxydée (AF) abaissait les concentrations de THF et de CH 3 -5THF. Dans la deuxième expérience, les niveaux plasmatiques de folate étaient mesurés après des administrations journalières de AF répétées pendant 30 jours. Dès le début, on observait une chute significative des concentrations de THF et de CH 3 -5THF qui se maintenaient ensuite à ces niveaux tout au long de l'expérience. Beaucoup de pay...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of oral administration of folate sources on plasma folate levels in pigs: Comparison between reduced and oxidized forms of folate

Mizuno¹,

Kokue²,

Ohnishi³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…not increase after oral administration of PteGlu, even at a high dose (4). In contrast, it has been known that the plasma concentration of 5-CH3-H4PteGlu increases after oral administration of PteGlu to rats (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…These findings from in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that the DHFR activity for PteGlu in pigs was much less than that in rats. The low DHFR activity in pigs may be one of the causal factors of the fact that the plasma H4PteGlu and 5-CH3-H4PteGlu did not in crease after oral administration of PteGlu, even at high dose (4,13). The reduction of PteGlu to H2PteGlu in pigs may be regarded as the rate-limiting step for the re duction of PteGlu to H4PteGlu, because the Vmax of pig liver DHFR for PteGlu was remarkably small, compared with that for H2PteGlu ( Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Dihydrofolate Reductase Activities for Folic Acid in Pigs and Rats Using In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation Techniques.

Aiso

Nagasue

Nozaki

et al. 2001

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets

Partanen¹,

Mroz²

1999

Nutr. Res. Rev.

467

393

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Organic acids and their salts appear to be potential alternatives to prophylactic in-feed antibiotics and growth promoters in order to improve the performance of weaned piglets, fattening pigs and reproductive sows, although their growth-promoting effects are generally less than that of antibiotics. Based on an analysis of published data, the growth-promoting effect of formates, fumarates and citrates did not differ in weaned piglets. In fattening pigs, formates were the most effective followed by fumarates, whereas propionates did not improve growth performance. These acids improved the feed : gain ratio of both weaned piglets and fattening pigs. In weaned piglets, the growth-promoting effects of dietary organic acids appear to depend greatly on their in¯uence on feed intake. In sows, organic acids may have anti-agalactia properties. Successful application of organic acids in the diets for pigs requires an understanding of their modes of action. It is generally considered that dietary organic acids or their salts lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes and gastric retention time, and thus improved protein digestion. Reduced gastric pH and increased retention time have been dif®cult to demonstrate, whereas improved apparent ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been observed with growing pigs, but not in weaned piglets. Organic acids may in¯uence mucosal morphology, as well as stimulate pancreatic secretions, and they also serve as substrates in intermediary metabolism. These may further contribute to improved digestion, absorption and retention of many dietary nutrients. Organic acid supplementation reduces dietary buffering capacity, which is expected to slow down the proliferation andaor colonization of undesirable microbes, e.g. Escherichia coli, in the gastro-ileal region. However, reduced scouring has been observed in only a few studies. As performance responses to dietary organic acids in pigs often varies, more speci®c studies are necessary to elucidate an explanation.

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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of folic acid and plasma levels of bioactive folates after folic acid administration to pigs

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of oral administration of folate sources on plasma folate levels in pigs: Comparison between reduced and oxidized forms of folate

Effect of oral administration of folate sources on plasma folate levels in pigs: Comparison between reduced and oxidized forms of folate

Comparison of Dihydrofolate Reductase Activities for Folic Acid in Pigs and Rats Using In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation Techniques.

Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets

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