Pharmacokinetic study of ellagic acid in rat after oral administration of pomegranate leaf extract

A comparative study on the antioxidant effects of hesperidin and ellagic acid against skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury

“…It was reported that EA shows different pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and chemoprevention inhibition of tumorigenesis [17][18][19][20] . Hesperidin (HES), a natural flavonoid, exists in fruits and vegetables 21 .…”

Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice

“…Among these phytochemicals, ellagic acid (EA), a dimeric derivative of gallic acid, occurs in fruits and nuts in either its free form, as EA-glycosides, or bound as ellagitannins (ETs) [1,2]. The absorption, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of EA administered orally have not been adequately investigated [3] and to the best of our knowledge have never been studied in the human body. Data on the daily dietary intake of EA by humans are not available and there is no information on the proportion ingested in the form of ETs [2].…”

“…Following oral administration of EA to rat, 10% of the dose was excreted and detected as EA metabolites in urine and feces [6]. The low concentrations of free EA in plasma have been attributed to its low solubility in water [3], and may also be due to its extensive metabolic transformation and degradation prior to absorption. In addition, EA has been reported to bind irreversibly to cellular DNA and proteins, which may also account for its limited transcellular absorption [14].…”

“…In addition, EA has been reported to bind irreversibly to cellular DNA and proteins, which may also account for its limited transcellular absorption [14]. The poor absorption of EA has been reported to impact its in vivo anti-tumorigenic activity since it is possible that sufficient concentrations are not present in plasma or target cells after oral administration [2,3]. It has been proposed that the gut microflora metabolize insoluble EA.…”

Pomegranate inhibits neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells

“…In vivo studies in transgenic mice 221 have also revealed that BACE-1 is highly involved in Aβ plaque formation, and 222 employing BACE-1 blockers has completely reversed Aβ production [30]. As BACE-1 plasma concentration of 30 µg/ml and 213 ng/ml, respectively following oral 237 administration in rats [31]. A study in rabbits reported that pomegranate constituents 238 become bioavailable 2 hours after oral ingestion of concentrated pomegranate 239 extract, ellagic acid reaching a plasma value of 247 ng/ml [32].…”