Pharmacokinetic, residue and irritation aspects of chloramphenicol sodium succinate and a chloramphenicol base formulation following intramuscular administration to ruminants

Jf, Nouws; Tb, Vree; J, Holtkamp; Baakman, M.; Driessens, F. C. M.; Pj, Guelen

doi:10.1080/01652176.1986.9694046

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The distribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of chloramphenicol have been investigated in several food-producing animals (Nouws et al 1986, Baradat et al 1993, Van de Water and Haagsma 1993. Metabolism is reported to be rapid, mainly to the glucuronide metabolite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of extraction, spiking and distribution in the determination of incurred residues of chloramphenicol in animal tissues

Cooper

Tarbin

Farrington

et al. 1998

Food Additives and Contaminants

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Studies of distribution, extraction procedures and spiking protocols in the determination of incurred chloramphenicol residues in animal tissues have been carried out. An extraction procedure involving glucuronidase enzyme digestion was found to extract 10 times more incurred chloramphenicol from pig kidney than direct extraction without digestion. However, neither protease digestion nor ultrasonic probe treatment resulted in improved chloramphenicol extraction. Chloramphenicol was found to be inhomogeneously distributed within kidney from a treated pig. Highest concentrations were detected in the renal medulla. Muscle tissues from the same animal were found to contain a lower concentration of chloramphenicol residues, but no chloramphenicol residues were detectable in the liver. Chloramphenicol recovery from spiked pig liver was found to be lower than that from kidney, but was improved by the addition of piperonyl butoxide before extraction. This additive had no effect on recovery from spiked pig or cattle kidney. The implications of these results for regulatory surveillance of animal tissue for chloramphenicol residues are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of extraction, spiking and distribution in the determination of incurred residues of chloramphenicol in animal tissues

Cooper

Tarbin

Farrington

et al. 1998

Food Additives and Contaminants

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“…treatment (50 mg/kg b.w.) with levels up to 10 µg/mL (Nouws et al, 1986). Guillot et al (1989) observed levels between 2.3 and 3.7 µg/mL after i.m.…”

Section: 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using HPLC-UV and the microbiological assay, Nouws et al (1986) studied the fate of chloramphenicol in five dairy cows and eight ruminant calves, after a single i.m. injection of chloramphenicol or chloramphenicol sodium succinate (50 mg chloramphenicol eq./kg b.w.).…”

Section: Ruminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of studies were carried out with cows and calves to investigate the kinetics of chloramphenicol by measuring blood levels after oral, i.v., i.m., subcutaneous (s.c.) and even intramammary injection of various preparations (De Corte-Baeten and Debackere, 1975;Nouws and Ziv, 1978, 1979Burrows et al, 1984Burrows et al, , 1988Epstein et al, 1986;Nouws et al, 1986;Sanders et al, 1988;Guillot et al, 1989;Gassner and Wuethrich, 1994). Initially colorimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine chloramphenicol levels, later on HPLC with UV detection was introduced.…”

Section: Ruminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU). However, being produced by soil bacteria, it may occur in plants. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of chloramphenicol in food and feed and whether a reference point for action (RPA) of 0.3 µg/kg is adequate to protect public and animal health. Data on occurrence of chloramphenicol in food extracted from the national residue monitoring plan results and from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were too limited to carry out a reliable human dietary exposure assessment. Instead, human dietary exposure was calculated for a scenario in which chloramphenicol is present at 0.3 µg/kg in all foods of animal origin, foods containing enzyme preparations and foods which may be contaminated naturally. The mean chronic dietary exposure for this worst-case scenario would range from 11 to 17 and 2.2 to 4.0 ng/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and adults, respectively. The potential dietary exposure of livestock to chloramphenicol was estimated to be below 1 µg/kg b.w. per day. Chloramphenicol is implicated in the generation of aplastic anaemia in humans and causes reproductive/hepatotoxic effects in animals. Margins of exposure for these effects were calculated at 2.4 × 10 5 or greater and the CONTAM Panel concluded that it is unlikely that exposure to food contaminated with chloramphenicol at or below 0.3 µg/kg is a health concern for aplastic anaemia or reproductive/hepatotoxic effects. Chloramphenicol exhibits genotoxicity but, owing to the lack of data, the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be assessed. The SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, in the past, has been widely used to treat infections in both humans and animals. Chloramphenicol is not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) but may be used in human medicine and in treatments for non-food-producing animals. Apart from its potential occurrence as a residue in food from illicit treatment of food-producing animals, chloramphenicol has also been used in feed and food enzyme products and may occur naturally in plants from its production by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.The EFSA Scientific Opinion entitled "Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing Reference Points for Action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin" identified an approach for establishing RPAs for various categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances. However, the opinion also identified certain categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances that are considered to be outside the scope of the procedure, including substances causing blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia) such as chloramphenicol. As chloramphenicol is excluded fro...

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“…Extraction/preconcentration/clean up procedure The concentrations of CAP in the milk samples derived from the 2 cows exceeding 20 ppb were determined by HPLC after extraction of deproteinised samples with ethyl acetate as described earlier (5). Spiked samples and milk samples of the two cows with CAP levels below 20 ppb, were treated with a procedure similar to that described for eggs (3) and edible tissues (4):…”

Section: In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%