Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Two Nicotine Patches in Smokers

Rasmussen, Scott; Horkan, Kathleen Halabuk; Kotler, M.

doi:10.1002/cpdd.431

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The patch was administered one hour prior to the task. With this administration schedule, plasma levels during the task were approximately half of the maximal levels present in smokers after patch application (Rasmussen, et al, 2018). The schedule, however, minimises side effects in non-smokers and has previously yielded behavioural effects (Ahrens et al, 2015; Behler et al, 2014; Breckel et al, 2015; Potter and Newhouse, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased dopamine availability magnifies nicotine effects on cognitive control: A pilot study

et al. 2020

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Introduction and objectives: The ability to adapt to new task demands flexibly and to stabilise performance in the presence of distractors is termed cognitive control and is mediated by dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the effect of the cholinergic agonist nicotine on cognitive control depends on baseline dopamine levels. Methods: Thirty-eight healthy non-smokers (16 males; Mage=24.05 years) performed a cognitive control task including distractor and switch trials twice. Subjects were split into two parallel groups. One group received 2 g of L-tyrosine two hours prior to testing to manipulate dopamine availability experimentally, while the other group received placebo on both days. One hour later, both groups received in a within-subject design: on one day, a 7 mg nicotine patch; on the other day, a matched placebo. Response time costs for distractor and switch trials served as measures of cognitive stability and flexibility. Results: Nicotinic modulation reduced response time costs in switch trials and increased costs in distractor trials (nicotine×condition, p=0.027) with a trend-wise interaction between nicotine, L-tyrosine and trial type (nicotine×L-tyrosine×condition, p=0.068), which was due to stronger nicotine effects under L-tyrosine. Conclusions: Our data provide preliminary evidence that nicotine has opponent effects on cognitive stability and flexibility. Subjects who received the dopamine precursor L-tyrosine were more prone to nicotine effects on behaviours, which are improvements in cognitive flexibility at the cost of decreased cognitive stability.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased dopamine availability magnifies nicotine effects on cognitive control: A pilot study

et al. 2020

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“…The skin barrier is an obstacle that must be examined for all transdermal drugs, such as creams, ointments, solutions, and skin patches, commonly in the form of antibiotic cream for the skin, proprietary Chinese medicine suspensions [ 119 ], and pain relief patches for the nervous system [ 120 ]. Transdermal drug delivery has many advantages over traditional routes of administration, such as non-invasive administration and avoidance of the first-pass effect of the drug on the digestive system.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Organs-on-Chips and Their Impact on Precision Medicine and Advanced System Simulation

Luo

Zhao

et al. 2023

Pharmaceutics

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Drugs may undergo costly preclinical studies but still fail to demonstrate their efficacy in clinical trials, which makes it challenging to discover new drugs. Both in vitro and in vivo models are essential for disease research and therapeutic development. However, these models cannot simulate the physiological and pathological environment in the human body, resulting in limited drug detection and inaccurate disease modelling, failing to provide valid guidance for clinical application. Organs-on-chips (OCs) are devices that serve as a micro-physiological system or a tissue-on-a-chip; they provide accurate insights into certain functions and the pathophysiology of organs to precisely predict the safety and efficiency of drugs in the body. OCs are faster, more economical, and more precise. Thus, they are projected to become a crucial addition to, and a long-term replacement for, traditional preclinical cell cultures, animal studies, and even human clinical trials. This paper first outlines the nature of OCs and their significance, and then details their manufacturing-related materials and methodology. It also discusses applications of OCs in drug screening and disease modelling and treatment, and presents the future perspective of OCs.

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“…For example, nicotine gum, inhaler, or tablet absorbed through buccal mucosa show plasma nicotine concentrations from one-third to two-thirds of those obtained after smoking a cigarette [30]. Compared with the blood levels of nicotine after smoking a cigarette (10-50 ng/mL), nicotine patches show a concentration from 10 to 20 ng/mL, being from 5 to 15 ng/mL for nicotine gum, sublingual tablet, inhaler, and nasal spray [31,32]. However, these alternative routes of administration produce a much slower decrease in nicotine blood concentrations than cigarettes, showing a total dose of nicotine higher than that of smoking, with the exception of the nasal spray, whose pharmacokinetics are similar to those of cigarettes consumption [30].…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics Of Nicotine Nrt And Endsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Nicotine Replacement and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on Fetal Brain Development

Sailer

Sebastiani

Andreu-Férnández

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy remains a major public health issue. The neurotoxic properties of nicotine are associated with fetal neurodevelopmental disorders and perinatal morbimortality. Recent research has demonstrated the effects of nicotine toxicity on genetic and epigenetic alterations. Smoking cessation strategies including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) show lack of clear evidence of effectiveness and safety in pregnant women. Limited trials using randomized controls concluded that the intermittent use formulation of NRT (gum, sprays, inhaler) in pregnant women is safe because the total dose of nicotine delivered to the fetus is less than continuous-use formulations (transdermal patch). Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) were hyped as a safer alternative during pregnancy. However, refill liquids of ENDS are suspected to be cytotoxic for the fetus. Animal studies revealed the impact of ENDS on neural stem cells, showing a similar risk of pre- and postnatal neurobiological and neurobehavioral disorders to that associated with the exposure to traditional tobacco smoking during early life. There is currently no clear evidence of impact on fetal brain development, but recent research suggests that the current guidelines should be reconsidered. The safety of NRT and ENDS is increasingly being called into question. In this review, we discuss the special features (pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism) of nicotine, NRT, and ENDS during pregnancy and postnatal environmental exposure. Further, we assess their impact on pre- and postnatal neurodevelopment.

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Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Two Nicotine Patches in Smokers

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Increased dopamine availability magnifies nicotine effects on cognitive control: A pilot study

Increased dopamine availability magnifies nicotine effects on cognitive control: A pilot study

Development of Organs-on-Chips and Their Impact on Precision Medicine and Advanced System Simulation

Impact of Nicotine Replacement and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on Fetal Brain Development

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