Pharmacogenetics of Pharmacoecology: Which Route to Personalized Medicine?

Robertson, GR; Grant, D M; Piquette-Miller, Micheline

doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.17

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Determining the extent to which these are reflected by improvements in surrogates of HIV outcome, such as median CD4 cell count and the proportion of patients with an undetectable HIV viral load, is important for developing health care management strategy but analysis is challenging at the epidemiological level. Responses to cART can be affected by individual patient factors including baseline clinical status and treatment history, genotypic variation, drug interactions, toxicities and tolerability, as well as lifestyle (6). The complex interaction of these factors is difficult to explicitly model, especially without limiting the scope of results, and can lead to differences between the estimated and actual utility of treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Responses to cART can be affected by individual patient factors including baseline clinical status and treatment history, genotypic variation, drug interactions, toxicities and tolerability, as well as lifestyle [6]. The complex interaction of these factors is difficult to explicitly model, especially without limiting the scope of results, and can lead to differences between the estimated and actual utility of treatment.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recent Trends in Early Stage Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Australia

et al. 2014

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Background There have been improvements in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) over the last 15 years. The aim of this analysis was to assess whether improvements in ART have resulted in improvements in surrogates of HIV outcome. Methods Patients in the Australian HIV Observational Database who initiated treatment using mono/duo therapy prior to 1996, or using cART from 1996 onwards, were included in the analysis. Patients were stratified by era of ART initiation. Median changes in CD4+ and the proportion of patients with detectable HIV viral load (>400 copies/ml) were calculated over the first 4 years of treatment. Probabilities of treatment switch were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results 2,753 patients were included in the analysis: 28% initiated treatment <1996 using mono/duo therapy; and 72% initiated treatment ≥1996 using cART (30% 1996–99; 12% 2000–03; 11% 2004–07; and 19% ≥2008). Overall CD4 response improved by later era of initiation (p<0.001), although 2000–03 CD4 response was less than that for 1996–99 (p=0.007). The average proportion with detectable viral load from 2 to 4 years post treatment commencement by era was: <1996 mono/duo 0.69 (0.67–0.71); 1996–99 cART 0.29 (0.28–0.30); 2000–03 cART 0.22 (0.20–0.24); 2004–07 cART 0.09 (0.07–0.10); ≥2008 cART 0.04 (0.03–0.05). Probability of treatment switch at 4 years after initiation decreased from 53% in 1996–99 to 29% after 2008 (p<0.001). Conclusions Across the five time-periods examined, there have been incremental improvements for patients initiated on cART, as measured by overall response (viral load and CD4 count), and also increased durability of first-line ART regimens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Recent Trends in Early Stage Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Australia

et al. 2014

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“…The NIH Biennial Report of the Director of 2006-2007 reported that in 2006, of 624 extramural and intramural phase III clinical research protocols (499,430 participants), 63% were women [10, 11]. More attention is currently being drawn towards the ways in which clinical therapeutics can be tailored according to sex, age, body weight, and genotype to yield the best possible outcomes [12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Drug Disposition

Soldin

Chung

Mattison

2011

BioMed Research International

267

196

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Physiological, hormonal, and genetic differences between males and females affect the prevalence, incidence, and severity of diseases and responses to therapy. Understanding these differences is important for designing safe and effective treatments. This paper summarizes sex differences that impact drug disposition and includes a general comparison of clinical pharmacology as it applies to men and women.

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“…The most recent term is "pharmacoecology", which was proposed in May 2023, with the purpose of complementing the concept of pharmacomicrobiomics [10]. Initially, this term was proposed in 2008 by C. Flexner to refer to environmental influences on drug disposition and response, although, with this definition, it was only used in three publications [11][12][13]. Due to the limited use of the term and in an effort to provide a more precise definition, Alya Heirali et al proposed that the term "pharmacoecology" be employed to conceptualize modifications in microbial taxa or specific functions of the microbiome as a result of the administration of a microbicidal or pro-microbial drug [10,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacomicrobiomics and Drug–Infection Interactions: The Impact of Commensal, Symbiotic and Pathogenic Microorganisms on a Host Response to Drug Therapy

Torres-Carrillo,

Martínez-López,

Torres-Carrillo

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Microorganisms have a close relationship with humans, whether it is commensal, symbiotic, or pathogenic. Recently, it has been documented that microorganisms may influence the response to drug therapy. Pharmacomicrobiomics is an emerging field that focuses on the study of how variations in the microbiome affect the disposition, action, and toxicity of drugs. Two additional sciences have been added to complement pharmacomicrobiomics, namely toxicomicrobiomics, which explores how the microbiome influences drug metabolism and toxicity, and pharmacoecology, which refers to modifications in the microbiome as a result of drug administration. In this context, we introduce the concept of “drug-infection interaction” to describe the influence of pathogenic microorganisms on drug response. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the relevance of microorganisms in the host’s response to drugs. It also highlights promising areas for future research and proposes the term “drug-infection interaction” as an extension of pharmacomicrobiomics.

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Pharmacogenetics of Pharmacoecology: Which Route to Personalized Medicine?

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Recent Trends in Early Stage Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Australia

Recent Trends in Early Stage Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Australia

Sex Differences in Drug Disposition

Pharmacomicrobiomics and Drug–Infection Interactions: The Impact of Commensal, Symbiotic and Pathogenic Microorganisms on a Host Response to Drug Therapy

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