Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single‐dose intramuscular administration in red‐eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): a comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures

Shepard, Molly; Divers, Stephen J.; Braun, Christina; Hofmeister, Erik H.

doi:10.1111/vaa.12061

Cited by 44 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Blood gas analysis and capnography or closedchamber plethysmography can be used in future studies to determine whether the lower respiratory rates are considered physiologically appropriate with this protocol. 24 Also, these tortoises were tested at a room temperature of approximately 25 °C during the month of September, and the observed responses could have been different under different ambient temperatures 39 or at different times of the year. 40 The DMK protocol described in this report produced deep sedation or light anesthesia in this sample of healthy red-footed tortoises for ≥ 20 minutes, with no response to mild noxious stimuli and successful intubation in some of the tested animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination administered intramuscularly to captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

Eshar

Rooney

Gardhouse

et al. 2021

ajvr

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (DMK) combination administered IM to captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria). ANIMALS 12 healthy adult red-footed tortoises. PROCEDURES In a prospective experimental study, DMK (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg, respectively) was administered IM as separate injections into the right antebrachium. Atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg, SC) were administered into the left antebrachium 60 minutes later. Times to the first treatment response and maximal treatment effect after DMK administration and time to recovery after reversal agent administration were recorded. Vital signs and reflexes or responses to stimuli were assessed and recorded at predetermined intervals. RESULTS DMK treatment produced deep sedation or light anesthesia for ≥ 20 minutes in all tortoises. Induction and recovery were rapid, with no complications noted. Median times to first response, maximum effect, and recovery were 4.5, 35, and 14.5 minutes, respectively. Two tortoises required additional reversal agent administration but recovered < 20 minutes after the repeated injections. Mean heart and respiratory rates decreased significantly over time. All animals lost muscle tone in the neck and limbs from 35 to 55 minutes after DMK injection, but other variables including palpebral reflexes, responses to mild noxious stimuli (eg, toe pinching, tail pinching, and saline ([0.9 NaCl] solution injection), and ability to intubate were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE DMK administration produced deep sedation or light anesthesia with no adverse effects in healthy adult red-footed tortoises. At the doses administered, deep surgical anesthesia was not consistently achieved. Anesthetic depth must be carefully evaluated before performing painful procedures in red-footed tortoises with this DMK protocol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination administered intramuscularly to captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

Eshar

Rooney

Gardhouse

et al. 2021

ajvr

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“…Alfaxalone use in both mammals and reptiles is known to have a smooth induction and rapid recovery [ 19 , 20 ]. It is an injectable anesthetic, as opposed to commonly used inhaled anesthetics, which are difficult to use on turtles due to their strong head and neck withdrawal, and the ability of turtles to hold their breath for extensive periods of time [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alfaxalone is an effective anesthetic for the electrophysiological study of anoxia-tolerance mechanisms in western painted turtle pyramidal neurons

Suganthan,

Stefano,

Buck

2024

PLoS ONE

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Anoxia in the mammalian brain leads to hyper-excitability and cell death; however, this cascade of events does not occur in the anoxia-tolerant brain of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta belli. The painted turtle has become an important anoxia-tolerant model to study brain, heart, and liver function in the absence of oxygen, but being anoxia-tolerant likely means that decapitation alone is not a suitable method of euthanasia. Many anesthetics have long-term effects on ion channels and are not appropriate for same day experimentation. Using whole-cell electrophysiological techniques, we examine the effects of the anesthetic, Alfaxalone, on pyramidal cell action potential amplitude, threshold, rise and decay time, width, frequency, whole cell conductance, and evoked GABAA receptors currents to determine if any of these characteristics are altered with the use of Alfaxalone for animal sedation. We find that Alfaxalone has no long-term impact on action potential parameters or whole-cell conductance. When acutely applied to naïve tissue, Alfaxalone did lengthen GABAA receptor current decay rates by 1.5-fold. Following whole-animal sedation with Alfaxalone, evoked whole cell GABAA receptor current decay rates displayed an increasing trend with 1 and 2 hours after brain sheet preparation, but showed no significant change after a 3-hour washout period. Therefore, we conclude that Alfaxalone is a suitable anesthetic for same day use in electrophysiological studies in western painted turtle brain tissue.

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“…However, inhalant anesthesia may not be practical in certain field conditions dictating the need for a safe and effective injectable anesthetic protocol. Alfaxalone is a synthetic, neuroactive, hydrophobic steroid that has been used to induce and maintain short‐term anesthesia in several avian and wildlife species (Adami, Spadavecchia, Angeli, & d'Ovidio, ; Bertelsen & Sauer, ; Cooper & Frank, ; Cooper & Redig, ; Cullen et al, ; Goodwin et al, ; Holt, ; Lau et al, ; Phillips, Posner, Lewbart, Christiansen, & Harms, ; Shepherd, Divers, Braun, & Hofmeister, ; Villaverde‐Morcillo, Benito, García‐Sánchez, Martín‐Jurado, & Segura, ). While it does not result in analgesia, it has been documented to have decreased cardiopulmonary side effects compared to other agents that can be administered intramuscularly, except in the bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus ) after IV administration (Ennis & Lorenz, ; Williams et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Kruse

Messenger

Bowman

et al. 2019

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone was performed in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after single bolus injections of 10 mg/kg administered intramuscularly (IM; n = 10) or intravenously (IV; n = 10), in a randomized cross‐over design with a washout period between doses. Mean (±SD) Cmax following IM injection was 1.6 (±0.8) µg/ml with Tmax at 15.0 (±10.5) min. Area under the curve (AUC) was 84.66 and 104.58 min*mg/ml following IV and IM administration, respectively. Volume of distribution (VD) after IV dose was 3.0 L/kg. The mean plasma clearance after 10 mg/kg IV was 139.5 (±67.9) ml min−1 kg−1. Elimination half‐lives (mean [±SD]) were 15.0 and 16.1 (±3.0) min following IV and IM administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability at 10 mg/kg IM was 108.6%. None of the ducks achieved a sufficient anesthetic depth for invasive procedures, such as surgery, to be performed. Heart and respiratory rates measured after administration remained stable, but many ducks were hyperexcitable during recovery. Based on sedation levels and duration, alfaxalone administered at dosages of 10 mg/kg IV or IM in mallard ducks does not induce clinically acceptable anesthesia.

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Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single‐dose intramuscular administration in red‐eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): a comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures

Cited by 44 publications

References 35 publications

Evaluation of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination administered intramuscularly to captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

Evaluation of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination administered intramuscularly to captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

Alfaxalone is an effective anesthetic for the electrophysiological study of anoxia-tolerance mechanisms in western painted turtle pyramidal neurons

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

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