Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: Research needs for the next decade

Brooks, Bryan W.; Huggett, Duane B.; Boxall, Alistair B.A.

doi:10.1897/09-325.1

Cited by 119 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…artificial recharge and surface water), and in some cases the concentrations are significant (>100 ng/L). The combined toxicity of multiple contaminants is not well understood at present (Brooks et al, 2009). In addition, there are a number of key EOCs that have a global footprint, and are frequently detected in groundwater resources.…”

Section: Occurrence and Concentrations Of Eocs In Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

1,430

553

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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in groundwater may have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. This paper reviews the existing occurrence data in groundwater for a range of EOCs including pharmaceutical, personal care, 'life-style' and selected industrial compounds. The main sources and pathways for organic EOCs in groundwater are reviewed, with occurrence data for EOCs in groundwater included from both targeted studies and broad reconnaissance surveys. Nanogram-microgram per litre concentrations are present in groundwater for a large range of EOCs as well as metabolites and transformation products and under certain conditions may pose a threat to freshwater bodies for decades due to relatively long groundwater residence times. In the coming decades, more of these EOCs are likely to have drinking water standards, environmental quality standards and/or groundwater threshold values defined, and therefore a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variation remains a priority.Keywords: emerging contaminants; review; groundwater; pharmaceuticals; occurrence Capsule: A large range of emerging organic contaminants are now being detected in groundwater as a result of recent and historical anthropogenic activities. IntroductionA diverse array of synthetic organic compounds are used by society in vast quantities for a range of purposes including the production and preservation of food, industrial manufacturing processes, as well as for human and animal healthcare. In the last few decades there has been a growing interest in the occurrence of these, so called, 'micro-organic contaminants' in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, their environmental fate and their potential toxicity (Stan and Linkerhagner, 1992;Stan et al., 1994;Halling-Sørensen et al., 1998;Daughton and Ternes, 1999;Schwarzenbach et al., 2006;Kümmerer, 2009). The contamination of groundwater resources by micro-organics is a growing concern and relatively poorly understood compared to other freshwater resources. Groundwater provides the most reliable perennial source of freshwater on Earth. It maintains flows and levels in rivers and lakes, is essential for the health of groundwater-dependant ecosystems, and in many parts of the world is the most important source of drinking water.Of particular concern are 'emerging organic contaminants' (EOCs). This term is used to cover not only newly developed compounds but also compounds newly discovered in the environment -often due to analytical developments (Lindsey et al., 2001;Petrovic and Barceló, 2006;Richardson and Ternes, 2011) and compounds that have only recently been categorised as contaminants. EOCs include a wide array of different compounds (as well as metabolites and transformation products-collectively referred to here as degradates)including; pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, veterinary products, industrial compounds/by-products, food additives as well as engineered nanomaterials. Because of the vast array of possible comp...

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Section: Occurrence and Concentrations Of Eocs In Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

1,430

553

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The model evaluation exercise indicates that mechanistic bioaccumulation modeling approaches developed for neutral chemicals can successfully be adapted to IOCs and hence developed further. Application of the proposed model to characterize the bioaccumulation behavior of pharmaceuticals of concern in aquatic environments [7,8] is a priority. In addition, multicompartment (physiologically based pharmacokinetic) models including different lipid and protein classes (e.g., plasma proteins vs tissue proteins) could be applied to better characterize the uptake and tissue distribution of IOCs in wildlife.…”

Section: Research Prioritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are among the most widely known group of ionogenic organic chemicals (IOCs) due to public health concerns and the research effort dedicated to understanding the fate, transport, and bioaccumulation potential of these compounds over the past decade [4][5][6]. Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals has also become an increasingly important issue from both a research and a regulatory perspective [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of a mechanistic bioconcentration model for ionogenic organic chemicals in fish

Armitage

Arnot

Wania

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

153

239

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Abstract-A mechanistic mass balance bioconcentration model is developed and parameterized for ionogenic organic chemicals (IOCs) in fish and evaluated against a compilation of empirical bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The model is subsequently applied to a set of perfluoroalkyl acids. Key aspects of model development include revised methods to estimate the chemical absorption efficiency of IOCs at the respiratory surface (E W ) and the use of distribution ratios to characterize the overall sorption capacity of the organism. Membranewater distribution ratios (D MW ) are used to characterize sorption to phospholipids instead of only considering the octanol-water distribution ratio (D OW ). Modeled BCFs are well correlated with the observations (e.g., r 2 ¼ 0.68 and 0.75 for organic acids and bases, respectively) and accurate to within a factor of three on average. Model prediction errors appear to be largely the result of uncertainties in the biotransformation rate constant (k M ) estimates and the generic approaches for estimating sorption capacity (e.g., D MW ). Model performance for the set of perfluoroalkyl acids considered is highly dependent on the input parameters describing hydrophobicity (i.e., log K OW of the neutral form). The model applications broadly support the hypothesis that phospholipids contribute substantially to the sorption capacity of fish, particularly for compounds that exhibit a high degree of ionization at biologically relevant pH. Additional empirical data on biotransformation and sorption to phospholipids and subsequent incorporation into property estimation approaches (e.g., k M , D MW ) are priorities with respect to improving model performance. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:115-128. # 2012 SETAC

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“…antibiotics and inflammatory drugs do not pass sewage treatment. They are used in veterinary practice to treat cattle feedlot and directly contaminate surface water by means of run off during rainfall (Daughton and Ternes 1999;Brooks et al 2009). Several studies have reported that some pharmaceuticals are not completely removed by drinking water treatment and are found at trace levels in drinking water (Versteegh et al 2007;Kuster et al 2008;Benotti et al 2009;Cooney 2009).…”

Section: Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Houtman

2010

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

190

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An increasing part of drinking water in Europe is prepared from surface water. At the same time, a growing number of emerging contaminants is being discovered in surface water. This review provides an overview of classes of emerging contaminants nowadays detected in the aquatic environment that are of relevance for drinking water production. These comprise e.g. endocrine disrupting compounds, such as hormones and compounds with hormone-like properties, pharmaceuticals, illicit and non-controlled drugs, sweeteners, personal care products, complexing agents, nanoparticles, perfluorinated compounds, flame retardants, pesticides, and fuel additives. The individual compounds are observed in concentrations that are generally considered too low to cause acute effects. Nevertheless, health effects due to long-term exposure to a mixture of low concentrations of all kinds of emerging contaminants cannot be excluded with current knowledge. Moreover, contamination of drinking water with man-made substances is considered unwanted in principle. The precautionary principle is used to motivate that prevention of emission of emerging contaminants into the environment is the preferred approach to safeguard sustainable drinking water production. In the mean time, extensive monitoring of the sources and development and application of advanced treatment techniques are used to prepare safe drinking water.

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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: Research needs for the next decade

Cited by 119 publications

References 25 publications

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Development and evaluation of a mechanistic bioconcentration model for ionogenic organic chemicals in fish

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

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