Pharmaceutical Costs in Obese Individuals

Narbro, Kristina; Ågren, Göran I.; Jonsson, Egon; Näslund, Ingmar; Sjöström, Lars; Peltonen, Markku

doi:10.1001/archinte.162.18.2061

Cited by 129 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Information on prescription drug use, including dosage and strength were collected, and unit costs were applied as detailed previously. (14) Costs were inflation-adjusted to 2013 Swedish kronor (SEK) using the Swedish drug price index(15), and converted to US$ (exchange rate, 7SEK:$1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-care costs over 15 years after bariatric surgery for patients with different baseline glucose status: results from the Swedish Obese Subjects study

Keating

Neovius

Sjöholm

et al. 2015

The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology

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Background Bariatric surgery prevents and induces remission of type 2 diabetes in many patients. The effect of preoperative glucose status on long-term healthcare costs is unknown. Methods The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study is a prospective, matched, controlled intervention study conducted in the Swedish healthcare system including 2010 adults who underwent bariatric surgery and 2037 contemporaneously matched controls recruited between 1987 and 2001. Prescription drug costs were retrieved via questionnaires and the nationwide Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Data on hospital admissions and outpatient visits were retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register. The sample linked to register data (n=4030; 2836 euglycemic; 591 prediabetes; 603 diabetes) was followed over up to 15 years. Mean differences were adjusted for baseline characteristics. Findings Drug costs did not differ between the surgery and control group in the euglycemic subgroup (adjusted mean difference −$225; 95%CI −2080 to 1631), but were lower in surgery patients in the prediabetes (−$3329; 95%CI −5722 to −937) and diabetes subgroups (−$5487; 95%CI −7925 to −3049). Greater hospital costs were observed in the surgery group for the euglycemic ($22,931; 95%CI 19,001–26,861), prediabetes ($27,152; 95%CI 18,736–35,568) and diabetes subgroups ($18,697; 95%CI 9992–27,402). No differences in outpatient costs were observed. Total healthcare costs were higher in surgery patients in the euglycemic ($22,390; 95%CI 17,358–27,423) and prediabetes subgroups ($26,292; 95%CI 16,738–35,845), while no difference was detected between treatment groups in patients with diabetes ($9081; 95%CI −1419 to 19,581). Interpretation Long-term healthcare cost results support prioritizing obese patients with diabetes for bariatric surgery.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-care costs over 15 years after bariatric surgery for patients with different baseline glucose status: results from the Swedish Obese Subjects study

Keating

Neovius

Sjöholm

et al. 2015

The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology

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“…35,36 Previous studies have documented the increased drug use among obese persons 37,38 and an earlier workplace study demonstrated that employees with higher BMI have increased health care costs, absenteeism and disability claims. 39 This later study also made use of an HRA to select and measure the costs associated with an unhealthy BMI group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the Relationship Between Employees’ Health Risk Factors and Corporate Pharmaceutical Expenditures

Burton

Chen

Conti

et al. 2003

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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This study demonstrates the relationship between self-reported health risk factors on a health risk appraisal and pharmaceutical expenditures for a large employer. A total of 3554 employees who were participants in a pharmacy benefit plan for the entire year of 2000 completed a health risk appraisal. As the number of self-reported health risk factors increased from zero to six or more, corporate pharmaceutical costs increased in a stepwise manner: US dollars 345, 443, 526, 567, 750, 754, and 1121 US dollars, respectively. After controlling for age, gender, and the number of self-reported diseases, each additional risk factor was associated with an average annual increase in pharmacy claims costs of 76 US dollars per employee. Specific health risks were associated with significantly higher expenditures. The results provide estimates of incremental expenditures associated with common, potentially modifiable risk factors. Pharmaceutical expenditures should be considered by corporations in their estimates of total health-related costs and in prioritizing disease management initiatives based on health risk appraisal data.

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“…325 Although CVD and diabetes mellitus medication costs have been shown to be lower in surgically treated obese patients, other medication costs, related to the surgery side effects, may increase. 326,327 However, it was shown that the initial costs of bariatric surgery on healthcare costs might be amortized over 3.5 years. After 5 years, average cumulative costs per 1000 operated patients were $19.5 million (Canadian), versus $25.3 million for control subjects.…”

Section: Obesity and The Future Of Healthcare Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss

Poirier¹,

Giles²,

Bray³

et al. 2006

Circulation

2,672

1,463

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Abstract-Obesity is becoming a global epidemic in both children and adults. It is associated with numerous comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, certain cancers, and sleep apnea/sleep-disordered breathing. In fact, obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD, and CVD risks have also been documented in obese children. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life expectancy. Health service use and medical costs associated with obesity and related diseases have risen dramatically and are expected to continue to rise. Besides an altered metabolic profile, a variety of adaptations/alterations in cardiac structure and function occur in the individual as adipose tissue accumulates in excess amounts, even in the absence of comorbidities. Hence, obesity may affect the heart through its influence on known risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, inflammatory markers, obstructive sleep apnea/hypoventilation, and the prothrombotic state, in addition to as-yet-unrecognized mechanisms. On the whole, overweight and obesity predispose to or are associated with numerous cardiac complications such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, and sudden death because of their impact on the cardiovascular system. The pathophysiology of these entities that are linked to obesity will be discussed. However, the cardiovascular clinical evaluation of obese patients may be limited because of the morphology of the individual. In this statement, we review the available evidence of the impact of obesity on CVD with emphasis on the evaluation of cardiac structure and function in obese patients and the effect of weight loss on the cardiovascular system. (Circulation. 2006;113:898-918.)

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Pharmaceutical Costs in Obese Individuals

Cited by 129 publications

References 35 publications

Health-care costs over 15 years after bariatric surgery for patients with different baseline glucose status: results from the Swedish Obese Subjects study

Health-care costs over 15 years after bariatric surgery for patients with different baseline glucose status: results from the Swedish Obese Subjects study

Measuring the Relationship Between Employees’ Health Risk Factors and Corporate Pharmaceutical Expenditures

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss

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