Phantoms for Development of Microwave Sensors for Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

Abstract

A suitability of two different liquid phantoms of blood-glucose solutions as phantoms for development of microwave sensors for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring is compared. The two phantoms are physiological saline-glucose and pig blood-glucose solutions. For this purpose a simple microwave sensor is developed for in vitro monitoring of blood glucose levels. The sensor consists of a microstrip antenna and of a small rectangular container on the top of the antenna. The container is filled with one of the liquid phantoms. Both phantoms with different glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 mg/dL are considered. Dependence of sensor’s resonant frequency on glucose concentration of LUTs is both estimated by aid of numerical simulations and measured. The results are discussed and compared with some results reported in the literature.

Radio-Frequency and Microwave Techniques for Non-Invasive Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels

“…In [61], a patch antenna was proposed, operating at 5 GHz in air and around 2 GHz (depending on glucose concentration) when loaded with a phantom. The antenna was tested with two liquid phantoms, namely physiological solutions and pig blood, with glucose levels ranging from 0 mg/dL to 500 mg/dL.…”

A Microwave Metamaterial Inspired Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

“…In [12], we have shown, through the results of simulations as well as measurements, that there are significant differences between the dielectric properties of physiological saline-glucose and blood-glucose solutions. Correspondingly, physiological saline-glucose solutions are, at least in the considered frequency range, not suitable for use as models of blood-glucose solutions for experimental design/evaluation of blood glucose level monitoring systems.…”

“…In vitro studies have been conducted, using various types of sensors with various solutions: a sensor based on a rectangular MS patch antenna with both physiological saline-glucose as well as pig blood-glucose solutions in [12], an MS TL section with aqueous-and blood-glucose solutions in [13], waveguide with a goat blood-glucose solution in [14], a spiral MS resonator with blood phantom in [15] and with pig blood in [16].…”

Design of an ELC resonator-based reusable RF microfluidic sensor for blood glucose estimation

“…The test sample, collected in disposable Borosilicate glass capillary, is then placed into the cavity and the responses are observed. With the exception of a handful of work on human serum 34 , 43 and pig blood samples 19 , 31 , 32 , a vast majority of the studies in the research area of microwave-assisted glucose sensing relies on using aqueous glucose solutions as the test sample due to the intricacies in using real blood samples for the experimental validation. In this work, aqueous solutions of glucose, as well as blood samples from goat, are used for the study.…”