Phantom Design: Applicability and Physical Properties

Improved power steering with double and triple ring waveguide systems: The impact of the operating frequency

“…Dimensions of the modelled phantoms were 36 Â 24 Â 100 cm 3 . The muscle-equivalent material of the phantom was modelled as a saline solution (3 g l À1 NaCl, ¼ 0.55 S m À1 and " r ¼ 75 @ 70 MHz) [23]. The dielectric properties of the fat layer at 70 MHz were modelled as ¼ 0.06 S m À1 and " r ¼ 10.…”

A flexible 70 MHz phase-controlled double waveguide system for hyperthermia treatment of superficial tumours with deep infiltration

“…According to the QA guidelines, a muscle phantom with a 1 cm fat layer should be used to characterise heating patterns. In this study, a phantom with a 2 mm PVC shell was used, which yields similar heating patterns as shown by Schneider et al [24]. Furthermore, we used an elliptical phantom instead of a rectangular phantom, since this is a more realistic representation for clinical applications.…”

“…Effective heating depth (EHD) measurements were performed in a similar elliptical phantom filled with a wallpaper paste solution to measure the SAR at several depths starting at 1 cm depth to determine the depth at which SAR is 50% of the value at 1 cm depth in accordance with the European Society of Hyperthermia (ESHO) Quality Assurance (QA) guidelines [24,25]. The phantom is fitted with thermocouple probes and the SAR values are derived from the temperature rise resulting after 1 min power on.…”

Thermal Characterization of Phantoms Used for Quality Assurance of Deep Hyperthermia Systems

“…Tissue mimicking models (phantoms) have been proposed and are increasingly being adopted in the design, optimization and quality assurance of medical devices to guarantee their correct performance in clinical applications. In particular, multi-modal phantoms have been developed and are used in electromagnetic-based hyperthermia applications, such as deep or superficial hyperthermia and thermal ablation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Such phantoms are required to mimic the target portion of human body of interest from an electromagnetic perspective, but also from a thermal point of view.…”