Phagocytosis and Encapsulation: Cellular Immune Responses in Arthropoda

Ratner, Stuart; Vinson, S. Bradleigh

doi:10.1093/icb/23.1.185

Cited by 68 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In fact, the recognition of a foreign body by granulocytes stimulates a new synthesis of large quantities of this lectin. This last indication is in contrast with conclusions reported by other authors (Nappi & Streams, 1969;Unestam & Nilund, 1972;Brehelin et al, 1975;Schmit & Ratcliffe, 1977;Ratner & Vinson, 1983;Gupta, 1986;Smith, 1991;Söderhall & Cerenius, 1992), who emphasized the fundamental role of plasmatocytes, or semigranular cells, in the foreign body recognition, and in the secretion of the chemical factors responsible for capsule formation. On the other hand Aono et al (1994) provided evidence that clotting reaction in vitro does not occur when the three classes of hemocytes are incubated separately with foreign bodies.…”

contrasting

confidence: 74%

Identification of an induced lectin involved in capsule formation inSquilla mantis(Crastacea, Stomatopoda)

Battistella

Bonivento

Amirante

1996

Italian Journal of Zoology

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contrasting

confidence: 74%

Identification of an induced lectin involved in capsule formation inSquilla mantis(Crastacea, Stomatopoda)

Battistella

Bonivento

Amirante

1996

Italian Journal of Zoology

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“…Invertebrate lectins are involved in the processes of cell adhesion, opsonization, phagocytosis and cytolysis (Vasta and Marchalonis, 1983). Membrane bound lectins appear to directly bind to foreign particles whereas humoral hemagglutinins appear to act as opsonic factors that bind to foreign particles and facilitate their uptake by hemocytes (Ratner and Vinson, 1983). Lectins have been extensively studied in invertebrates with the best known invertebrate lectins from the horseshoe crabs and scorpions (Olafsen, 1986(Olafsen, , 1996Vasta and Marchalonis, 1984).…”

Section: Hemagglutinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Ticks: A review

Taylor

2006

J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn.

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Ticks transmit more different kinds of pathogenic organisms than any other hematophagous arthropod. This paper attempts to review the literature available on the cell-mediated and humoral responses of ticks. The cell-mediated defense responses by invertebrates are simpler than vertebrates, but are effective as a second line of defense against invasion by microorganisms. Hemocytes play a major role in this immune response through phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation of invading foreign materials. These mechanisms appear to function in both soft and hard ticks. Humoral immune responses consist of three main types; humoral encapsulation, hemagglutination and production of antimicrobial proteins. Humoral encapsulation is elicited by the prophenoloxidase activating system and has only been shown to function in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. However, recent studies show the hard ticks also have prophenoloxidase activating cofactors indicating humoral encapsulation also functions in these ticks. Tick lectins function in hemagglutination of various microorganisms in both soft and hard ticks and also appear to function as recognition molecules of nonself and possibly in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Ticks also have numerous antimicrobial proteins that can attack the invading microorganisms. Lysozymes have been shown to have bactericidal effects in several tick species and work in concert with other antimicrobial peptides to kill invaders. Cystatins, classic cysteine protease inhibitors, have recently been shown to function in innate immune responses of ticks. Hemoglobin fragments have antimicrobial activity in the midgut of ticks. Defensins show expression up-regulated by blood feeding and are effective antimicrobial agents with some differences between soft and hard ticks. Other novel antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from various species of soft and hard ticks, but their functions remain to be elucidated. Understanding these innate immune mechanisms in ticks is essential to develop strategies for reducing the transmission of diseases to man and animals.

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“…dent from the many studies of the immune reactivity of invertebrates, especially insects, that cell-mediated reactions are the more prominant type of immune response, (Salt, 1955(Salt, , 1957(Salt, , 1959(Salt, , 1963a(Salt, , 1965(Salt, , 1970a(Salt, ,b, 1975Gupta and Sutherland, 1966;Mercer and Nicholas, 1967;Grimstone et al 1967;Peterson, 1968;Nappi, 1970aNappi, ,b, 1975aNappi, ,b, 1977bNappi, , 1981Nappi and Stoffolano, 1971;Scott, 1971a;Tripp, 1971;Misko, 1972;Poinar, 1975;Brennan, 1975;Brehelin et al, 1975;Lackie, 1975Lackie, , 1976Lackie, , 1979Lackie, , 1980Lackie, , 1981Lackie and Lackie, 1979;Schmit and Ratcliffe, 1977;Ratcliffe and Rowley, 1979;Ratcliffe and Gagen, 1976;Rowley andRatcliffe, 1979' 1981). However, against certain microbial agents, 1 insects and other invertebrates produce non-specific humoral factors, about which little is presently known (Chadwick, 19.67;Lackie, 1980;Jurenka et al, 1982;Rheins and Karp, 1982;Stynen et al, 1982;Vasta et al, 1982;Hapner, 1983;…”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%