Phage Tail-Like (High-Molecular-Weight) Bacteriocins of
 Budvicia aquatica
 and
 Pragia fontium
 (
 Enterobacteriaceae
 )

Šmarda, Jan; Benada, Oldřich

doi:10.1128/aem.71.12.8970-8973.2005

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, the lengths of the observed phage tail-like particles in this study were longer than those in previous reports (an average size of 160 nm as opposed to 130 nm). These phage tail-like particles have morphology similar to bacteriocin of Budvicia aquatica and Pragia fontium and phage tail-like particles of Vibrio spp [30], [31]. Another phage-like particles typified by H in two mitomycin C induced samples, have a morphology that has not previously been observed to be associated with C. difficile but they do closely resemble a bacteriocin induced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa p28 [32], [33], [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Diverse Temperate Bacteriophage Carriage in Clostridium difficile 027 Strains

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe hypervirulent Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 can be classified into subtypes, but it unknown if these differ in terms of severity of C. difficile infection (CDI). Genomic studies of C. difficile 027 strains have established that they are rich in mobile genetic elements including prophages. This study combined physiological studies, electron microscopy analysis and molecular biology to determine the potential role of temperate bacteriophages in disease and diversity of C. difficile 027.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe induced prophages from 91 clinical C. difficile 027 isolates and used transmission electron microscopy and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterise the bacteriophages present. We established a correlation between phage morphology and subtype. Morphologically distinct tailed bacteriophages belonging to Myoviridae and Siphoviridae were identified in 63 and three isolates, respectively. Dual phage carriage was observed in four isolates. In addition, there were inducible phage tail-like particles (PT-LPs) in all isolates. The capacity of two antibiotics mitomycin C and norfloxacin to induce prophages was compared and it was shown that they induced specific prophages from C. difficile isolates. A PCR assay targeting the capsid gene of the myoviruses was designed to examine molecular diversity of C. difficile myoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the capsid gene sequences from eight ribotypes showed that all sequences found in the ribotype 027 isolates were identical and distinct from other C. difficile ribotypes and other bacteria species.Conclusion/SignificanceA diverse set of temperate bacteriophages are associated with C. difficile 027. The observed correlation between phage carriage and the subtypes suggests that temperate bacteriophages contribute to the diversity of C. difficile 027 and may play a role in severity of disease associated with this ribotype. The capsid gene can be used as a tool to identify C. difficile myoviruses present within bacterial genomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Diverse Temperate Bacteriophage Carriage in Clostridium difficile 027 Strains

et al. 2012

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“…Nagy and Foldes also reported detection of highly similar PT-LPs in 7 of 18 strains induced with mitomycin C (39). Several other examples of bacteria producing PT-LPs have been reported, including the R-type pyocin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31) and the PT-LPs of Budvicia aquatica (50), Pragia fontium (50), and Photorhabdus luminescens (18), as well as the PT-LPs of mitomycin C-induced cultures of Vibrio sp. (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Temperate Phages in Clostridium difficile

Fortier

Moineau

2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

107

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Eight temperate phages were characterized after mitomycin C induction of six Clostridium difficile isolates corresponding to six distinct PCR ribotypes. The hypervirulent C. difficile strain responsible for a multiinstitutional outbreak (NAP1/027 or QCD-32g58) was among these prophage-containing strains. Observation of the crude lysates by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of three phages with isometric capsids and long contractile tails (Myoviridae family), as well as five phages with long noncontractile tails (Siphoviridae family). TEM analyses also revealed the presence of a significant number of phage tail-like particles in all the lysates. Southern hybridization experiments with restricted prophage DNA showed that C. difficile phages belonging to the family Myoviridae are highly similar and most likely related to previously described prophages C2, C5, and CD119. On the other hand, members of the Siphoviridae phage family are more genetically divergent, suggesting that they originated from distantly related ancestors. Our data thus suggest that there are at least three genetically distinct groups of temperate phages in C. difficile; one group is composed of highly related myophages, and the other two groups are composed of more genetically heterogeneous siphophages. Finally, no gene homologous to genes encoding C. difficile toxins or toxin regulators could be identified in the genomes of these phages using DNA hybridization. Interestingly, each unique phage restriction profile correlated with a specific C. difficile PCR ribotype.

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“…This raises the possibility that R2 pyocin might restrict the conditions under which P. aeruginosa can grow because the expression of B-band O-antigen synthesis genes must be maintained to resist R2 pyocin-mediated killing. Many bacteria produce HMW or phage tail-like bacteriocins (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52), and it is likely that the genes that confer resistance and synthesize the HMW bacteriocin are not genetically linked. These species may also have to balance the benefits of producing HMW bacteriocins with the risks that may pose under certain conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Cost of Pyocin Production during the SOS Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2014

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bLexA and two structurally related regulators, PrtR and PA0906, coordinate the Pseudomonas aeruginosa SOS response. RecAmediated autocleavage of LexA induces the expression of a protective set of genes that increase DNA damage repair and tolerance. In contrast, RecA-mediated autocleavage of PrtR induces antimicrobial pyocin production and a program that lyses cells to release the newly synthesized pyocin. Recently, PrtR-regulated genes were shown to sensitize P. aeruginosa to quinolones, antibiotics that elicit a strong SOS response. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which PrtR-regulated genes determine antimicrobial resistance and genotoxic stress survival. We found that induction of PrtR-regulated genes lowers resistance to clinically important antibiotics and impairs the survival of bacteria exposed to one of several genotoxic agents. Two distinct mechanisms mediated these effects. Cell lysis genes that are induced following PrtR autocleavage reduced resistance to bactericidal levels of ciprofloxacin, and production of extracellular R2 pyocin was lethal to cells that initially survived UV light treatment. Although typically resistant to R2 pyocin, P. aeruginosa becomes transiently sensitive to R2 pyocin following UV light treatment, likely because of the strong downregulation of lipopolysaccharide synthesis genes that are required for resistance to R2 pyocin. Our results demonstrate that pyocin production during the P. aeruginosa SOS response carries both expected and unexpected costs.

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Phage Tail-Like (High-Molecular-Weight) Bacteriocins of Budvicia aquatica and Pragia fontium ( Enterobacteriaceae )

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Diverse Temperate Bacteriophage Carriage in Clostridium difficile 027 Strains

Diverse Temperate Bacteriophage Carriage in Clostridium difficile 027 Strains

Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Temperate Phages in Clostridium difficile

Biological Cost of Pyocin Production during the SOS Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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