Phage adsorption and productive lysis in stable protoplast type L‐forms of Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces hygroscopicus

Abstract

Transferable productive lysis in stable protoplast type L-form cells of Bacillus subtilis was produced by 6 phages out of 14 strains virulent for the parent B. subtilis 170 and 1997. Most of these phages lytic for L-forms show the phi 29 morphology characteristic for the smallest B. subtilis phages containing double-stranded DNA. Among 31 actinophages, 23 of which were virulent for Streptomyces hygroscopicus, only SLE 109 and phi c 31 gave productive infection of the stable protoplast type L-form of S. hygroscopicus NG 33--354. Electron microscopic investigation and treatment by DNAse demonstrated that infection of L-form cells is an adsorption-injection process, and that it is not caused by transfection of free phage DNA or endocytotic uptake of phage particles. Because in both stable L-forms cell wall biosynthesis is blocked irreversibly the results allow the conclusion that specific receptors must be localized in the cytoplasmic membrane for those phages producing transferable lysis in protoplast type L-forms. Localization of receptors for certain phages in the cytoplasmic membrane seems to occur in many Gram-positive bacteria, but not in Gram-negative bacteria.

Cell wall deficiency as an escape mechanism from phage infection

“…If we assume this to be true, would there already be a sign of coevolution between the phage's RPBs and the CWD surface-associated molecules? Most research about CWD bacteria, such as mycoplasma, protoplasts and Lforms, and their interaction with phages, date from the premolecular era [65][66][67]. It would be interesting to explore their interaction with more modern technologies, such as cryo-EM, next-generation sequencing or genome editing.…”