“…Currently the most commonly used speciation model (see for example ref. 7,8,14,[19][20][21] was first constructed as a result of rigorous investigations some thirty years ago using 51 V NMR measurements coupled with potentiometric titrations. 22,23 The postulated model included protonatable linear V 1 , V 2 and V 4 species, as well as cyclic, non-protonating V 4 , V 5 and V 6 species under neutral to basic conditions.…”