This study evaluated the effects of ultraviolet (UV)
photolysis
combined with electrochemical oxidation on sulfonamides (SAs) as well
as its treated effluent on the bacterial community in surface water.
In terms of degradation rate, the best anode material for electrochemical
oxidation was Ti/RuO2–IrO2, which had
the highest degradation kinetic constant compared to Ti/Ta2O5–IrO2 and Ti/Pt. Experiments showed
the highest degradation rate of SAs at 8.3 pH. Similarly, increasing
the current leads to stronger degradation due to the promotion of
free chlorine production, and its energy consumption rate decreases
slightly from 73 to 67 W h/mmol. Compared with tap water, the kinetic
constants decreased by 20–62% for SAs in three different surface
water samples, which was related to the decrease in free chlorine.
When extending the reaction time to 24 h, the concentrations of chemical
oxygen demand and total organic carbon decreased by approximately
30–40%, indicating that the SAs and their products could be
mineralized. The diversity analysis showed that the effluents influenced
the richness and diversity of the bacterial community, particularly
in the 4 h sample. Additionally, there were 86 operational taxonomic
units common to all samples, excluding the 4 h sample; significant
differences were derived from changes in the Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota phyla. The toxicity
of the products might explain these changes, and these products could
be mineralized, as observed in the 24 h sample. Therefore, the extension
of treatment time would greatly reduce the ecological harm of treated
effluent and ensure that the UV/electrochemical process is a feasible
treatment option. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into
the optimization and feasibility of UV/electrochemical processes as
a sustainable treatment option for sulfonamide-contaminated water
sources, emphasizing the importance of considering ecological impacts
and the need for extended treatment times that address environmental
concerns and ensuring improved water quality.