“…This structure ensures successful segmentation results by preserving local information. In digital pathology, previous studies have used the U-Net structure to segment various cancers, such as in breast [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], colon [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], lung [ 24 , 25 ], and prostate tissue [ 26 , 27 ]. Furthermore, the structure is also applied to localized tissues such as the nuclei [ 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], cells [ 33 , 34 ] and glands [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], which exhibit major pathological characteristics.…”