PEV parking lot behavior equilibria in energy and reserve markets

Abstract

The increasing penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has encouraged solutions for facilitating their utilization. In this regard, PEV parking lots (PLs) have proved to be essential for future systems with high amounts of PEVs. However, operating a PL in order to maximize its profit while enforcing its own constraints generates conflicts between the PL and the distribution system operator (DSO). As a result, this paper proposes a model to solve the PL equilibria behavior. A bi-level problem including the operation of DSO and PL is solved using mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). The PL's behavior is defined by its hourly energy and reserve interaction with the market through the DSO. As the total amount of PL's interaction with the grid will affect the DSO's operational decision making, the proposed model finds the equilibrium point to maximize the benefit for PL and DSO.

Tight power balance multi-time scale disposal strategy for wind integrated system considering electric vehicle charging station

“…A contract is signed between EV charging stations and EVs to permit EV charging stations to utilize the V2G mode of EVs (Neyestani, et al, 2015;Shafie-Khah et al, 2016). EV charging stations aggregate the SOC demand allocated for each period to limit power exchange with the grid, as shown in Eq.…”

“…Heydarian-Forushani et al (2018) devised an integrated stochastic day-ahead dispatching model, which included EV parking lots, bulk energy storage, and demand response, to participate in the flexible ramp market. EV charging stations aggregate EVs to provide flexibility, fast response characteristics, and high social and economic benefits (Neyestani et al, 2015). To explore the possibility of EVs providing flexible ramping products, a novel distribution system locational marginal pricing (LMP) model has been presented (Zhang et al, 2020).…”