Petrological study of the early Mesoproterozoic Glauconitic Sandstone and Olive Shale members from the Semri Group, Vindhyan Supergroup in Central India: Implications to input from intrabasinal felsic volcanic source and glauconitization

Abstract

The Semri Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup contains widespread intrabasinal felsic volcanic rocks in the Porcellanite Formation formed during the early Mesoproterozoic. This widespread felsic volcanism was followed by the deposition of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the Kheinjua Formation containing the Olive Shale, Fawn Limestone, Glauconitic Sandstone members, the last one dominantly arkose and litharenite. The volcanic products resulting from volcanic activity during deposition of Porcellanite Formation were predominantly fine volcanic ash or dust that settled very slowly in the water column of the basin. The ranges of 28 elemental ratios for the Olive Shale and Glauconitic Sandstone members overlapped with those of the Porcellanite Shale Formation. The contemporaneous intermingling of the detrital input from volcanic products with the terrigenous detritus received by the basin from the Bundelkhand Craton in the north is reflected in the geochemical signatures. Various plots of elemental ratios and ternary plots for the siliciclastic rocks overlap those of the Porcellanite Shale Formation and Bundelkhand Tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite (TTG) suggesting that they might be the source rocks. The mixing of detritus from volcanic products was perhaps responsible for the widespread appearance of glauconite‐bearing sediments in the subsequent deposits. Glauconitization of detrital K‐feldspars, clay peloids, and volcanic lithic fragments is evident from the petrography. The shallow marine environment, slow sedimentation rates, elevated surface temperatures and mildly reducing conditions (CO2 got released from explosive volcanism) are considered as the favourable conditions for glauconitization, which prevailed within the Vindhyan Basin. Under these conditions the detrital input received as the result of previous volcanism during deposition of the porcellanite shale (glass, pumice lithic fragments, and feldspars) were transformed into clays such as illite and glauconite during the deposition of siliciclastic rocks of the Kheinjua Formation within the basin.

Volcanic Origin and Significance of Glauconite Grains in the Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk Formation in the Balcones Igneous Province, South and Central Texas

“…Moreover, misinterpreting the volcanic glauconite as sedimentary in origin (i.e., associated with hardgrounds) further confuses upper Austin Chalk sedimentology. It is well documented in the literature that glauconite can be a replacement product of volcanic ash grains (e.g., Mishra and Sen, 2018). As an example of the misinterpretation of the AC-B1 debrites as hardgrounds and volcanic glauconite as sedimentary glauconite, Griffith et al (2022Griffith et al ( , 2023 proposed the AC-B1 unit as a transgressive system, on the basis of their interpretation of hardgrounds and sedimentary glauconite.…”