Petroleum Refining

Gary, James H.; Handwerk, J.H.; Kaiser, Mark J.; Geddes, David

doi:10.4324/9780203907924

Cited by 339 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…Carbon–carbon (C–C) bond activation in the gas phase plays an important role in the chemical industry. Cracking and reforming reactions in crude oil refineries practice C–C bond activation on a large scale daily . Polyethylene and polypropylene are currently the mostly widely used plastics, but their decomposition requires thermal C–C bond activation .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Nanoparticles Catalyzed Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation in the Liquid Phase

et al. 2016

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Understanding the C-C bond activation mechanism is essential for developing the selective production of hydrocarbons in the petroleum industry and for selective polymer decomposition. In this work, ring-opening reactions of cyclopropane derivatives under hydrogen catalyzed by metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the liquid phase were studied. 40-atom rhodium (Rh) NPs, encapsulated by dendrimer molecules and supported in mesoporous silica, catalyzed the ring opening of cyclopropylbenzene at room temperature under hydrogen in benzene, and the turnover frequency (TOF) was higher than other metals or the Rh homogeneous catalyst counterparts. Comparison of reactants with various substitution groups showed that electron donation on the three-membered ring boosted the TOF of ring opening. The linear products formed with 100% selectivity for ring opening of all reactants catalyzed by the Rh NP. Surface Rh(0) acted as the active site in the NP. The capping agent played an important role in the ring-opening reaction kinetics. Larger particle size tended to show higher TOF and smaller reaction activation energy for Rh NPs encapsulated in either dendrimer or poly(vinylpyrrolidone). The generation/size of dendrimer and surface group also affected the reaction rate and activation energy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Nanoparticles Catalyzed Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation in the Liquid Phase

et al. 2016

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“…This unit converts linear paraffins present in the naphtha cut to higher reformate products for gasoline blending. This process essentially restructures the hydrocarbon molecules, transforming linear paraffins with low octane ratings into branched paraffins and aromatics [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: The Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (Ccr) Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we illustrate how the above-mentioned issues can be handled, in a systematic way, in the scope of a real process, catalytic reforming, which is one of the most important processes in petrochemical refineries. Catalytic reforming is the operation responsible for the conversion of low-octane naphtha into high-octane gasoline blending components, called reformates [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The Research Octane Number (RON) characterizes the resistance to knocking (or antiknocking tendency) of gasoline during its combustion in the engine and is a key quality parameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear and Non-Linear Soft Sensors for Predicting the Research Octane Number (RON) through Integrated Synchronization, Resolution Selection and Modelling

Dias

Oliveira²,

Saraiva

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The Research Octane Number (RON) is a key quality parameter for gasoline, obtained offline through complex, time-consuming, and expensive standard methods. Measurements are usually only available a few times per week and after long delays, making process control very challenging. Therefore, alternative methods have been proposed to predict RON from readily available data. In this work, we report the development of inferential models for predicting RON from process data collected in a real catalytic reforming process. Data resolution and synchronization were explicitly considered during the modelling stage, where 20 predictive linear and non-linear machine learning models were assessed and compared using a robust Monte Carlo double cross-validation approach. The workflow also handles outliers, missing data, multirate and multiresolution observations, and processes dynamics, among other features. Low RMSE were obtained under testing conditions (close to 0.5), with the best methods belonging to the class of penalized regression methods and partial least squares. The developed models allow for improved management of the operational conditions necessary to achieve the target RON, including a more effective use of the heating utilities, which improves process efficiency while reducing costs and emissions.

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“…In the future they intend to apply strategies for the prevention of the fouling of the reactor walls and to eliminate residual traces of bromine in the coke produced [94]. Perhaps both challenges could be elegantly solved by applying a fluidized bed coking process, such as, for example, fluid coking and flexicoking from the petroleum industry [95]. In this case coke would be preferentially deposited on the fluidized coke particles, which would also provide scraping action on the reactor walls, preventing excessive coke buildup.…”

Section: Green Processes and Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Methane Activation Reactions by Halogenation: Catalysis, Mechanism, Kinetics, Modeling, and Reactors

et al. 2020

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Methane is the central component of natural gas, which is globally one of the most abundant feedstocks. Due to its strong C–H bond, methane activation is difficult, and its conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels has therefore been the pot of gold in the industry and academia for many years. Industrially, halogenation of methane is one of the most promising methane conversion routes, which is why this paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on methane activation by halogenation. Homogeneous gas phase reactions and their pertinent reaction mechanisms and kinetics are presented as well as microkinetic models for methane reaction with chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The catalysts for non-oxidative and oxidative catalytic halogenation were reviewed for their activity and selectivity as well as their catalytic action. The highly reactive products of methane halogenation reactions are often converted to other chemicals in the same process, and these multi-step processes were reviewed in a separate section. Recent advances in the available computational power have made the use of the ab initio calculations (such as density functional theory) routine, allowing for in silico calculations of energy profiles, which include all stable intermediates and the transition states linking them. The available literature on this subject is presented. Lastly, green processes and the production of fuels as well as some unconventional methods for methane activation using ultrasound, plasma, superacids, and light are also reviewed.

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Petroleum Refining

Cited by 339 publications

References 0 publications

Metal Nanoparticles Catalyzed Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation in the Liquid Phase

Metal Nanoparticles Catalyzed Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation in the Liquid Phase

Linear and Non-Linear Soft Sensors for Predicting the Research Octane Number (RON) through Integrated Synchronization, Resolution Selection and Modelling

A Review of Methane Activation Reactions by Halogenation: Catalysis, Mechanism, Kinetics, Modeling, and Reactors

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