Petroleum geochemical properties of the oil shales from the Early Cretaceous Garau Formation, Qalikuh locality, Zagros Mountains, Iran

Shekarifard, Ali; Daryabandeh, Manouchehr; Rashidi, Mehrab; Hajian, Mahmoud; Röth, Joschka

doi:10.1016/j.coal.2019.03.005

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The T max parameter from the Rock-Eval pyrolysis data was investigated to evaluate the thermal maturity level of the OM. The T max value (307-449°C; average: 434°C) indicated that the OM maturity stage ranged from immature to early mature (Shekarifard et al, 2019). This is due to the shale stratum in the Es 1 L not having experienced long-term burial and higher temperatures, due to the shallow burial depth of strata, a conclusion supported by the high (S 1 +S 2 ) value.…”

Section: Organic Geochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Influence of a Paleosedimentary Environment on Shale Oil Enrichment: A Case Study on the Shahejie Formation of Raoyang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Wei

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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The characteristics of paleosedimentary environments are of great significance for the enrichment of organic matter (OM) and hydrocarbons in lacustrine shale. This study analyzed mineralogy, well logging data, organic geochemical parameters (total organic carbon and pyrolyzed hydrocarbon), inorganic geochemical parameters (major and trace elements), and multiple geochemical proxies based on inorganic geochemical parameters. These were used to reconstruct the paleosedimentary environment of the lower 1st Member of the Shahejie Formation (Es1L) to reveal OM and shale oil enrichment mechanisms and establish a shale oil enrichment model. The (Fe2O3+Al2O3)/(CaO + MgO), Sr/Ba, Rb/Sr, Cu/Al, and Th/U parameters indicate that the Es1L in Raoyang Sag was deposited in a paleoenvironment dominated by arid paleoclimate, reducing conditions, and saltwater. Paleoclimate, clastic influx intensity, preservation conditions, paleoproductivity, and paleosalinity all affect OM abundance. The OM accumulation in the shale of Es1L was mainly controlled by the high primary productivity of surface water due to algal blooms and moderate salinities, which was achieved using stratified water columns with low oxygen conditions in bottom water. As the main valuable sites for shale oil storage, carbonate mineral depositions are of great significance for oil enrichment. As the dominant lithofacies for oil enrichment, carbonate-rich shale and calcareous shale lithofacies were deposited under a drier paleoclimate, low clastic influx intensity, strong reducing conditions, high paleoproductivity, and moderate salinity paleoenvironment. Additionally, the profile of the shale oil sweet spot was determined through the combination of lithofacies, logging, and paleosedimentary environment data.

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Section: Organic Geochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Influence of a Paleosedimentary Environment on Shale Oil Enrichment: A Case Study on the Shahejie Formation of Raoyang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Wei

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…Also, it is worth noting that the Kazhdumi Formation shows lower values of oxygen index than the Pabdeh Formation, suggesting more anoxic depositional setting hence the lower oxidation and better preservation of the organic matter during and after deposition of the Kazhdumi Formation (Fig. 7) (Shekarifard et al 2019). However, it should not be ignored that oxygen index (OI) values can be affected by the type of the precursors and the state of the maturation.…”

Section: Organic Matter Type and Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigation of contamination possibility of rock samples with migrated hydrocarbons should be the first step in a source rock assessment process since contaminated samples lead to unreliable results in the following steps. According to obtained migration index (S 1 /TOC) values (< 1.5), all studied cutting samples possess indigenous hydrocarbon, representing the fact that free hydrocarbons embedded in cutting samples are generated from thermal cracking of the autochthonous organic matter (Hunt 1996;Shekarifard et al 2019). Thus, cutting samples are considered reliable for further assessments and interpretations.…”

Section: Oil Contamination Possibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocarbon source rocks in Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations—a quick outlook in Gachsaran oilfield, SW Iran

Safaei-Farouji

Kamali

Hakimi

2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Geochemical study of Kazhdumi and Pabdeh Formations as potential source rocks in Gachsaran Oilfield demonstrates that the Kazhdumi Formation has a fair to good capability of hydrocarbon generation and predominately contains type II-III kerogen. On the other hand, the Pabdeh Formation has a poor to good petroleum potential and contains different kerogen types, including type II, type II-III, type III and even for one sample, type IV, indicating different depositional conditions for this formation. The geochemical log of the Kazhdumi Formation shows that there is a close correlation between different geological parameters as noticed prominently in well number 55, which suggests the more extensive the anoxic condition, the higher the petroleum potential is for Kazhdumi Formation. By contrast, a poor correlation between TOC and other Rock–Eval-derived parameters for the Pabdeh Formation at a depth of more than 2100 m may demonstrate the inert organic matter and mineral matrix effects at this depth interval. However, biomarkers show differences in lithology and depositional environment for the Kazhdumi Formation in well numbers 55 and 83. On the other hand, the Pabdeh Formation has a mixed lithology (carbonate-shale) deposited in a marine setting under suboxic–anoxic condition. Moreover, thermal maturity indicators suggest that Pabdeh and Kazhdumi Formations are immature and early mature, respectively.

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“…The oil shales were formed during the Cambrian to the Tertiary Era in a variety of different depositional environments. First studies on the OM-rich sediments in the Ghali-Kuh area were performed in early 1970, as reported by Shekarifard et al (2019). Based on geological surveys, laboratory analyses, and geochemical evaluations, the report suggested the possibility of the presence of oil shale reserves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The oil shale has been identified in numerous outcrops so far. Dating back to the Eocene, the Green River Formation in western North America/USA is one of the best examples of oil shales, containing an estimated reserve of 2 trillion barrels of oil (Rezaei, 2017;Shekarifard et al, 2019). Some researchers (Rongxi et al, 2008;Lewan and Roy, 2011;Wu et al, 2016) have referred to the role of hydrostatic water pressure in the development of fractures for the release of hydrocarbon from samples, the mechanism through which such fractures were formed, and the impact of the pressure on the mechanism in the course of an HP test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Hydrous Pyrolysis on Type‐II Kerogen‐bearing Source Rocks from Iran and its Application in Geochemical and Kinetic Analyses of Hydrocarbon Products

Kashi

Saberi

Hormozi

2021

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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Hydrous pyrolysis (HP) practiced on type-II kerogen-bearing oil shale samples from the Sargelu Formation in the Ghali-Kuh Area, western Iran, using a specially designed apparatus was performed at different temperatures (250-350°C), with hydrocarbon generation evaluated at each temperature. For comparison, the samples subjected to Rock-Eval pyrolysis before proceeding to HP resulted in T max = 418°C, HI = 102, and TOC = 4.33%, indicating immaturity and hence remarkable hydrocarbon (especially oil) generation potential, making them appropriate for HP. Moreover, the samples were deposited in a low-energy reductive marine environment, with maximum oil and gas generation (739 mg and 348 mg out of 50 g of rock sample, respectively) observed at 330°C and 350°C, respectively. The oil generated at 330°C was subjected to gas chromatography (GC) and isotopic analyses to assess hydrocarbon quality and composition. The hydrocarbon generation data was devised to estimate kinetic indices of the Arrhenius equation and to investigate the gas-oil ratio (GOR) and overall conversion yield. Based on the producible hydrocarbon quantity and quality, the findings contribute to the economic assessment of oil shales across the study area. The developed kinetic model indicates the history of hydrocarbon generation and organic matter (OM) maturity.

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Petroleum geochemical properties of the oil shales from the Early Cretaceous Garau Formation, Qalikuh locality, Zagros Mountains, Iran

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Influence of a Paleosedimentary Environment on Shale Oil Enrichment: A Case Study on the Shahejie Formation of Raoyang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Influence of a Paleosedimentary Environment on Shale Oil Enrichment: A Case Study on the Shahejie Formation of Raoyang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Hydrocarbon source rocks in Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations—a quick outlook in Gachsaran oilfield, SW Iran

Investigation of Hydrous Pyrolysis on Type‐II Kerogen‐bearing Source Rocks from Iran and its Application in Geochemical and Kinetic Analyses of Hydrocarbon Products

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