Petroleum and Fischer–Tropsch diesel soot: A comparison of morphology, nanostructure and oxidation reactivity

Zhang, Wei; Chen, Song; Lyu, Gang; Bi, Fengrong; Wang, Tao; Liu, Ye; Qiao, Yuehan

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118919

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Although the results obtained in the past literature are not consistent, the mainstream view is that the reactivity of soot is inversely proportional to the engine load (Wei et al 2020a ) (Zhao et al 2015a ) (Wang et al 2019b ) (Wei et al 2020b ). Zhang et al (Zhang et al 2021b ) believed that this was because oxygen enrichment, fuel enrichment and high temperature optimize the combustion process under high load environment, resulting in more “mature” and orderly soot. This explanation was considered by Wei et al (Wei et al 2020b ) as strong evidence to prove that the soot nanostructure determined the oxidation reactivity of soot.…”

Section: Composition Of Particulate Matter and Its Effect On Regenera...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diesel particulate filter regeneration mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing PM emissions: a review

Zhang

Dong

Lan

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Diesel particulate filter (DPF) is considered as an effective method to control particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines, which is included in the mandatory installation list by more and more national/regional laws and regulations, such as CHINA VI, Euro VI, and EPA Tier3. Due to the limited capacity of DPF to contain PM, the manufacturer introduced a method of treating deposited PM by oxidation, which is called regeneration. This paper comprehensively summarizes the most advanced regeneration technology, including filter structure, new catalyst formula, accurate soot prediction, safe and reliable regeneration strategy, uncontrolled regeneration and its control methods. In addition, due to the change of working conditions in the regeneration process, the additional emissions during regeneration are discussed in this paper. The DPF is not only the aftertreatment device but also can be combined with diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and exhaust recirculation (EGR). In addition, the impact of DPF modification on the original system of some old models has been reasonably discussed in order to achieve emission targets.

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Section: Composition Of Particulate Matter and Its Effect On Regenera...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diesel particulate filter regeneration mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing PM emissions: a review

Zhang

Dong

Lan

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The adhesion energy can be expressed numerically as the integrated area in Figure 3a. Equation (11) shows the fitting formula of the X 1 ! D curve, and Equation (12) shows the calculation formula of adhesion energy 13,27 :…”

Section: Adhesion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In diesel engines' exhaust process, particles are prone to secondary growth processes such as collision and aggregation, condensation, and agglomeration, promoting the reduction of the number of particles and the increase of the cluster particles volume 6–8 . Relevant studies have shown that force between particles is the direct cause of particle agglomeration, 9,10 affecting the spatial structure parameters, such as inter‐particle porosity fractal dimension characteristics 11 . Studying the particles' mechanical characteristics and state characteristics (morphology and spatial structure) in the diesel engines' exhaust process and establishing the relationship between the two is indispensable in perfecting exhaust particles' evolution process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis of mechanical and state characteristics of diesel engine exhaust particles

Liu

Zhang

Wang

2022

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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Aiming at the influence of diesel engine exhaust particle mechanical characteristics on the state characteristics, studies were carried out using atomic force microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray small-angle scattering.The variation rules of cluster-particle interaction force and state characteristic parameters such as particle morphology and spatial structure were discussed. According to the principle of normalization, the relationship between the mechanical and state characteristics of the particles is analyzed. The results show that as the particle size increases in the exhaust process, the attractive force F at , adhesion F ad, and adhesion energy W ad increase between the particles, F at from 1.27 to 1.58 nN, F ad from 3.75 to 4.38 nN, W ad from 2.17 Â 10 À16 to 2.44 Â 10 À16 J. The particles are gradually agglomerated, and the cluster size is increased, indicating a certain relationship between the mechanical characteristics of the particles and the morphology. Along the exhaust direction, the particle equivalent diameter increases, and the mechanical characteristics are enhanced, while the organic matter and moisture in the exhaust are continuously adsorbed, aggravating the aggregation and shrinkage between the particles. The scattering characteristic parameters q min and q T decrease, q min from 0.34 to 0.28 and q T from 0.72 to 0.63, the pore structure parameters decrease, the pore number concentration decreases, the peak pore size changes from 7-9 nm to 5-6 nm, the agglomerate particle structure defects decrease and the density is increased, indicating that there is a certain relationship between the mechanical characteristics of the particles and the spatial structure.diesel engine, exhaust particles, mechanical characteristics, state characteristics | INTRODUCTIONDue to their high thermal efficiency, high reliability, and fuel economy, diesel engines are still widely used in transportation and power generation. 1,2 However, particulate matter emissions from diesel engines are one of the primary sources of environmental pollutants. The emission of particulate matter negatively impacts the environment and harms human health. Fine particles cause respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. 3,4 With the increasingly stringent emission regulations, the quality and quantity of diesel particulate emissions have been strictly limited. 5 In diesel engines' exhaust process, particles are prone to secondary growth processes such as collision and aggregation, condensation, and agglomeration, promoting the reduction of the number of particles and the increase of the cluster particles volume. [6][7][8] Relevant studies have shown that force between particles is the direct cause of particle agglomeration, 9,10 affecting the spatial structure parameters, such as inter-particle porosity fractal dimension characteristics. 11 Studying the particles' mechanical characteristics

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“…High engine speed yielded more chain-like aggregates than low engine speeds. 429 Soot residence period reduced at high speeds, affecting the soot agglomeration. 448 Full engine loads showed higher L a than part loads (Figure 35(b)).…”

Section: Physical Characterization Of Diesel Soot Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of morphological and chemical characteristics of particulates from compression ignition engines

Agarwal

Krishnamoorthi

2022

International Journal of Engine Research

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Particulates from compression ignition (CI) engines have received serious attention in the last two decades. CI engines emit higher particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) than spark ignition (SI) engines. Both these species are harmful to human health and the environment. Compared to NOx emissions, PM constitutes many more chemical species in solid and liquid phases. This review paper focuses on soot morphology and chemical characterization of PM emissions from CI engines. Effects of different fuels, lubricating oil, and engine operating conditions on particulate characteristics are analyzed exhaustively. The first part of this paper focuses on the effects of particulates on living organisms, the consequences of exposure to diesel particulates, and the composition of diesel particulates. In recent decades, micro and nano-scale characteristics of PM have been exhaustively investigated to understand its structure, formation, and chemical functionalities. Typically, particulates comprise of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the soluble organic fraction (SOF), and trace metals. This paper summarizes most aspects of diesel particulate emissions for the benefit of active researchers in the field and underlines the importance of particulate emission reduction from the CI engines. Diesel combustion generates particles with enormous long-chain aggregates of smaller sizes and immature soot particles. Low-temperature combustion (LTC) modes and oxygenated fuels reduce the soot emissions and generate compact/clustered aggregates. Oxygenated fuels in CI engines produce more nucleation mode particles (NMPs) and high-reactivity soot aggregates. Higher trace metal concentrations were observed in diesel origin particulates than biofuel origin particulates. Biodiesel origin particulates possess higher mutagenicity and carcinogenicity because of nitro-PAHs. Transient engine operations cause higher particulates than steady-state engine operations.

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Petroleum and Fischer–Tropsch diesel soot: A comparison of morphology, nanostructure and oxidation reactivity

Cited by 19 publications

References 56 publications

Diesel particulate filter regeneration mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing PM emissions: a review

Diesel particulate filter regeneration mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing PM emissions: a review

Correlation analysis of mechanical and state characteristics of diesel engine exhaust particles

Review of morphological and chemical characteristics of particulates from compression ignition engines

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