Petrographic and geochemical characterization of the Middle‒Upper Jurassic Fe–Mn crusts and mineralizations from Monte Inici (north-western Sicily): genetic implications

Abstract

Fe–Mn concretions and mineralizations, associated with condensed horizons and hardground, are significant archives in ancient carbonate rocks. Their petro-chemical study allows an assessment of the palaeoenvironmental context in which they were formed also connected to their biotic or abiotic origin. At the western side of the Monte Inici (Fornazzo section, north-western Sicily) a well exposed outcrop of condensed pelagic limestones (Rosso Ammonitico facies: Middle‒Upper Jurassic) is well-known and thoroughly studied. In this section, the base of the Rosso Ammonitico facies consists of a very condensed level rich in fossils with a variable thickness deposited from the early Bathonian to the early/middle Callovian. It is characterized, at the top, by the noticeable presence of Fe–Mn concretions, typical of the Tethyan Jurassic and related to very low sedimentation rates. For this study, Fe–Mn crusts and mineralizations from the Fornazzo section were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, ICP and stable-isotope mass spectrometry. The collected samples, deposited in submarine conditions (as testified by stable oxygen and carbon isotopes), have been subdivided in two typologies with different macroscopic and mineralogical features. The Fe–Mn crusts consist of hematite, todorokite and birnessite and are characterized by a relatively low Mn/Fe ratio. Their content in trace elements, rare earths and yttrium (REY) is compatible with a hydrogenetic origin involving the oxy-hydroxides colloids precipitation directly from seawater. Microbially mediated processes are here testified by the recognition of filamentous and coccoid-shaped microstructures referable to coexistence of chemosynthetic fungi and photosynthetic cyanobacteria and accounting for a deposition in the deep euphotic zone. An average growth rate of ~ 8.5 mm/Myr for the Fe–Mn crusts, estimated by cobalt concentrations, suggests a time elapsed for deposition of ~ 3.5 ± 1 Myr. This value is compatible with the stratigraphic gap embracing the time span from the early/middle Callovian to the middle Oxfordian. In the neighbouring pelagic limestones, Fe–Mn deposits are present in the form of micro-dendrites mainly consisting of pyrolusite, sometimes associated with carbonato-fluorapatite. The geochemical composition gives evidence of a prevalent early diagenetic origin with precipitation, at the sediment/water interface or in the first centimeters of sediments, of metals diffused from the crusts as consequence of fluctuating redox conditions. Although the well-preserved Frutexites texture is commonly related to a microbial activity, other bacterial microstructures have not been recognized, having probably been obliterated during the growth of the dendrites. Nevertheless, it is possible to suppose a deepening in the bathymetry consistent with the involvement of chemosynthetic microorganisms in the formation of Frutexites structures.

Siderophore-Mediated Mobilization of Manganese Limits Iron Solubility in Mixed Mineral Systems

“…This finding is relevant in various environments. For instance, siderophores have been implicated in the formation of Fe–Mn nodules in sediments in marine environments. − Furthermore, although Mn abundance is an order of magnitude lower than Fe abundance in soil, the impacts of Mn chemistry in soil biogeochemical cycles can be similar or greater than that of Fe. Our data suggest that siderophore-mediated redistribution of Mn can shift the surrounding redox environment toward more oxidizing conditions.…”

Early Ediacaran lichen from Death Valley, California, USA

“…Alternatively, the Noonday Formation has been interpreted as a marine carbonate platform with submarine canyons and dissecting the platform edge (Creveling et al, 2016), but that interpretation is not supported by petrographic, geochemical, granulometric, and crystallographic observations of the previous paragraphs. Carbonate shrubs in the Noonday Formation have been attributed to encrusting and interstitial marine microbial films (Fraiser & Corsetti, 2003), but careful examination of these features presented in the following paragraphs reveals much greater size and complexity than known in microbial films (Guido et al, 2016;Heim et al, 2017;Scopelliti & Russo, 2021). Neither field, petrographic, geochemical, nor fossil evidence support interpretation of the Noonday Formation as marine.…”

“…Noonday Formation tubestones have been compared with stromatolites, acknowledging that they differ fundamentally as concave-up laminae (Corsetti & Grotzinger, 2005). The various fractally branching structures of the Noonday Formation have also been compared with "marine carbonate shrubs", such as Frutexites (Fraiser & Corsetti, 2003), but have a more complex structure of internally Genuine Frutexites has the appearance of pyrolusite dendrites of fractally arranged small crystals, induced by activity of unicellular iron-manganese oxidizing bacteria (Guido et al, 2016;Heim et al, 2017;Scopelliti & Russo, 2021), but opaque grains are rare in the Noonday Formation. Ganarake lacks the histology of fossil calcareous algae, the box-like cells of rhodophytes, the verticillate structure of dasyclads, and the loose fountaining structure of chlorophytes (Wray, 1977;Flügel, 1977).…”

Spatial Distribution and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta, China

“…Granite was widely distributed in the PRD, leading to quaternary soil with loose accumulation [23]. Previous studies have shown that limestone and sand shale are Mn-rich parent rocks [37,38]. The specific humid climate conditions present in the PRD accelerate the weathering process of parent rocks, and thus HMs are easily released from this natural source.…”