Petrogenesis of mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the oligocene-miocene granitoid plutons from northwest Anatolia, Turkey

Özdamar, Şenel; Zou, Haibo; Billor, M. Zeki; Hames, Willis E.

doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125713

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Enclaves contain important information about the genesis and evolution of magma and magma chamber processes. Based on formation, origins, and relationships with felsic host rocks, the enclaves in granitoid rocks have been classified as (1) Xenolite, (2) Restite, (3) Cognate enclave (4) Microgranular enclave (Barbarin and Didier, 1991;Best, 2003;Cantagrel et al, 1984;Dahlquist, 2002;Didier, 1991;Ilbeyli and Pearce, 2005;Kadioglu and Gülec, 1996;Kadıoğlu and Güleç, 1999;Kocak et al, 2011;Kumar, 2010;Kumar et al, 2004;Kumar and Singh, 2014;Noyes et al, 1983;Özdamar et al, 2021;Winter, 2014;Zhang and Zhao, 2017). Xenoliths are known as foreign rock fragments assimilated from the wall-rock during ascending (Maury and Didier, 1991;Tindle and Pearce, 1983), and generally seem like a metamorphic rock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and generation of the enclaves in Karapınar-Karacadağ volcanic rocks (Central Anatolia)

Korkmaz

Kurt

Asan

2021

Turkish Journal of Geosciences

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Karapınar-Karacadağ Volcanic Rocks (KKVR) have very complex magmatic history and outcropped the southwestern part of the Cappadocia Volcanic Province (Central Anatolia). Here we present the petrography and whole-rock chemistry of the enclavebearing rocks to constrain their source and evolution history. These petrographic observation and geochemical data reveal that the enclaves in the Karapınar-Karacadağ volcanic rocks are magma mixing/mingling enclaves (MME), magma segregation enclaves (MSE), and xenoliths. Here we discriminated these enclaves into eight different types according to their mineral composition and textural features. The magma mixing/mingling enclaves (Type 1, 7, 8) are the mixing products of coeval more felsic and mafic magmas. They show hypocrystalline porphyritic, holocrystalline granular, and intergranular textures, and rich in mafic minerals, and have characteristic petrographic features such as quenched amphibole, bladed biotite, ocelli-quartz, sieved and cellular plagioclases. In andesites they range from basalt to andesite in composition. However, in basalts, they are in basaltic composition. The magma segregation enclaves (Type 2, 4, 5, 6), which are observed in almost all the KKVRs, are cognate xenolith because of plucking from the different parts of the magma chamber. They are holocrystalline and granular in texture. The magma segregation enclaves contained in the andesitic host rocks are hornblende gabbro and pyroxene gabbro in composition, whereas in the basaltic host rocks they are dunite, lherzolite, and basalt in composition. The xenolithic enclaves (Type 3) are observed in the basalts as quartz, plagioclase, biotite, and amphibole xenocrysts. Major oxides and trace element data of the studied rocks indicate that the MSEs are more primitive than their host rocks, and all of the enclaves (MME-MSE) are in accordance with their hosts. According to petrographic observations and geochemical data we propose that fractional crystallization, magma mixing and assimilation processes have a key role in the evolution of the KKVRs and their enclaves.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and generation of the enclaves in Karapınar-Karacadağ volcanic rocks (Central Anatolia)

Korkmaz

Kurt

Asan

2021

Turkish Journal of Geosciences

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“…The Late Cretaceous Şevketiye Pluton (Delaloye and Bingöl, 2000) represents the Pre-Cenozoic era in the northern part of the Biga peninsula (Figure 1). In contrast, the Cenozoic era is characterized by a variety of intrusions across the Eocene to the Oligo-Miocene, including Dikmen, Evciler, Eybek, Kestanbol, Kuşçayir, Şaroluk, and Yenice, which are mainly concentrated in the central and southern regions of the peninsula, along with the Kapida g and Karabiga plutons in the north [28][29][30][31][32][33]. The volcanic rocks that originated on the Biga Peninsula during this time period provide valuable insights into the ancient volcanic arcs that formed due to the subduction processes of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere in Anatolia [34].…”

Section: Regional Geological Background Of the Biga Peninsulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis and Evolution of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Deposit in the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey): Insights from Genetic Relationships with Calc-Alkaline Magmatic Activity

Kaya,

Kumral,

Yalçın

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The current work investigates the impact of magmatic fluids and metasomatic processes on the Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn deposit in the Biga Peninsula, Turkey. It traces the stages of skarn evolution, from prograde to retrograde alterations, and investigates findings within a broader geological, mineralogical, and geochemical framework. Additionally, it assesses the evolutionary history of the Yolindi deposit in relation to calc-alkaline magmatic activity in an island-arc environment and compares its mineral compositions and genesis with other global and regional Cu-Fe skarn deposits. The Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn deposit in the Biga Peninsula was formed by the intrusion of Şaroluk quartz monzonite pluton into Upper Paleozoic Torasan Formation rocks such as phyllite, schists, hornfels, marble, and serpentinites. During skarnification, reactions between the magmatic fluids from the Şaroluk quartz monzonite pluton and the Torasan Formation produced skarn minerals associated with metals such as Fe and Cu. Initially, these reactions formed prograde skarn minerals such as augite-rich pyroxenes and andradite garnets with magnetite and pyrite. As the system cooled, these initial minerals underwent retrograde alteration, leading to the formation of minerals such as epidote, actinolite, and chlorite, as well as other copper and iron minerals including chalcopyrite, bornite, secondary magnetite, and specular hematite. Therefore, four main stages influenced the formation of the Yolindi Cu-Fe deposit: metamorphic bimetasomatic, prograde metasomatic, and retrograde metasomatic stages. Later, oxidation and weathering resulted in supergene minerals such as cerussite, malachite, and goethite, which serve as examples of the post-metamorphic stage. The mineralogical shifts, such as the andradite–grossular transition, reflect changing hydrothermal fluid compositions and characteristics due to the addition of meteoric fluids. Importantly, the formation of magnetite after garnet and clinopyroxene during the retrograde stage is evidenced by magnetite crystals within garnet. The mineral associations of the Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn deposit align with the global skarn deposits and specific Turkish skarns (e.g., Ayazmant Fe-Cu and Evciler Cu-Au skarn deposits). The Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn deposit, in association with ore-bearing solutions having magmatic origins, developed in an island-arc setting.

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“…In the Cenozoic era, there were several intrusions that occurred from the Eocene to the Oligo-Miocene periods. These intrusions include Dikmen, Evciler, Eybek, Kestanbol, Kuşçayir, Şaroluk, and Yenice [7,8,[14][15][16][17][18][19]. They were mostly found in the middle and southern areas of the peninsula.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

Kaya,

Kumral,

Yalçın

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The current study sought to investigate the physiochemical conditions and fluid evolution within the Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn mineralization located in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. This was accomplished through a comprehensive investigation of geological and mineralogical data, along with isotopic analyses of sulfur (δ34S), carbon (δ13C), and oxygen (δ18O) of sulfide and calcite minerals, respectively, as well as fluid inclusion data pertaining to various minerals (e.g., andradite, quartz, and calcite). The Yolindi area features a complex geological framework, including the Paleozoic Kalabak Group (which includes the Torasan, Yolindi, and Sazak formations) and the Triassic Karakaya Complex. These formations were subsequently intruded via Early Miocene Şaroluk granitoids and Hallaçlar volcanics. Skarn formation is zoned into endoskarn and exoskarn types (being categorized into proximal, intermediate, and distal zones), with distinct mineral assemblages indicating concentric and contact metamorphic alteration patterns around the western part of Şaroluk granitoid intrusion in contact with the Torasan formation. The ore mineralogy and paragenesis suggest three distinct stages of evolution: an initial phase of prograde metasomatism characterized by the formation of magnetite and pyrite alongside anhydrous calc-silicate minerals; a subsequent phase of retrograde alteration marked by the formation of epidote, actinolite, and scapolite, accompanied by the occurrence of chalcopyrite and specular hematite; and finally, a post-metasomatic stage involving oxidation processes that led to the development of secondary mineral assemblages containing cerussite, covellite, and malachite. Sulfur isotopes (δ34S) of sulfides from endoskarn (from +0.27 to +0.57‰VCDT) to intermediate exoskarn (from −9.44 to −5.46‰VCDT) zones indicate a diverse sulfur source, including magmatic, sedimentary, and possibly organic matter. δ34S values in hydrothermal fluids suggest a magmatic–hydrothermal origin, with endoskarn and proximal zone fluids showing a slight negative signature and intermediate zone fluids indicating a strong influence from organic-rich or metamorphic sulfur reservoirs. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of calcite revealed a progression from marine carbonate signatures in marble samples (from +1.89 to +2.23‰VPDB; from +21.61 to +21.73‰VSMOW) to depleted values in prograde (from −6.0 to +0.09‰VPDB; from +6.22 to +18.14‰VSMOW) and retrograde skarns (from −3.8 to −2.25‰VPDB; from +0.94 to +3.62‰VSMOW), reflecting interactions with high-temperature magmatic fluids and meteoric water mixing. The fluid inclusions in prograde minerals generated under the conditions of fluid boiling exhibited high temperatures, reaching up to 412 °C, and salinities up to 26 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Conversely, the fluid inclusions in retrograde minerals, which were generated due to fluid mixing, exhibited lower temperatures (with an average of 318 °C) and salinities with an average of 4.9 wt.% NaCl equivalent. This indicated that the cooler and more diluted fluids mix with meteoric waters and interact with organic materials in the host rocks. This suggests a multifaceted origin involving various sources and processes. Therefore, this study concluded that the skarn mineralization in the Yolindi area resulted from complex interactions between magmatic, metamorphic, and meteoric fluids, reflecting a dynamic ore-forming environment with implications for the regional metallogeny of Cu-Fe skarn deposits.

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Petrogenesis of mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the oligocene-miocene granitoid plutons from northwest Anatolia, Turkey

Cited by 10 publications

References 57 publications

Classification and generation of the enclaves in Karapınar-Karacadağ volcanic rocks (Central Anatolia)

Classification and generation of the enclaves in Karapınar-Karacadağ volcanic rocks (Central Anatolia)

Genesis and Evolution of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Deposit in the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey): Insights from Genetic Relationships with Calc-Alkaline Magmatic Activity

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

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