“…In the real world, there are a variety of DES such as flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), computer networks, traffic systems, and workflow systems. In recent years, researchers have been increasingly interested in the control of DES that are modeled with Petri nets in many areas: fault tolerant control , workflow systems , traffic systems , web services , robotics , power systems , wastewater treatment , energy recovery , artificial neural networks , automated guided vehicles , oil refinery processes (although it involves continuous process industry, it contains discrete‐event variables and belongs to a hybrid system), and control of manufacturing systems .…”