PET imaging of brain amyloid in dementia: a review

Quigley, Harriet; Colloby, Sean J.; O’Brien, John T.

doi:10.1002/gps.2640

Cited by 132 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Our data suggest that evaluating a subgroup of AD subjects with HAB will still allow their clinical and amyloid PET results to be translated to the rest of the AD patients, and considering the sample size in this cohort we can conclude that this finding is robust. Amyloid burden, although measured with 2 different methods and multiple cameras, was prevalent in the 3 diagnostic groups at a level consistent with the literature (23). Additionally, the prevalence of ApoE4 was the same among the 3 TSPO subgroups in AD, MCI, and control subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Can Studies of Neuroinflammation in a TSPO Genetic Subgroup (HAB or MAB) Be Applied to the Entire AD Cohort?

et al. 2015

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Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in Alzheimer disease (AD), and translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging allows us to quantify this process. However, the binding of second-generation TSPO tracers depends on the TSPO genotype coded by the rs6971 single-nucleotide polymorphism, with a 40%-50% increase in BP in high-affinity binders (HABs) compared with mixed-affinity binders (MABs), whereas low-affinity binders (LABs) are unsuitable for evaluation. Hence, several studies are using either HAB alone or HAB and MAB subjects. To translate the findings of neuroinflammation studies to the entire population, it is crucial to establish the influence of TSPO genotypes on AD. Here, we investigated whether different TSPO genotypes influence cognitive function, amyloid load, and disease progression over time. Methods: We evaluated 798 subjects (225 control, 388 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 185 with AD) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database at baseline and during follow-up. All subjects were screened for TSPO genotype and underwent detailed clinical and neuropsychologic assessments yearly for 4 y. Of the 798 subjects, 255 also had T1-and T2-weighted MR imaging and amyloid PET with 11 C-Pittsburgh compound B or 18 F-florbetapir. Results: We demonstrated that all TSPO binding groups (HAB, MAB, and LAB) have same level of amyloid load in AD and MCI subjects. We also demonstrated that the prevalence is 50.3% for HAB, 41.2% for MAB, and 8.5% for LAB, without a statistical difference among the AD, MCI, and control groups. During longitudinal follow-up, the mean change in neuropsychometric test scores on the MiniMental State Examination, the cognitive and modified Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scales (ADASs), and the Geriatric Depression Scale over time were similar in AD and MCI subjects among the 3 TSPO binding groups. Analysis of the covariates showed that diagnostic group (control, MCI, AD), apolipoprotein E4 status, and sex had a significant effect on decline on the modified Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale (.3 points of the scale), but age and TSPO genotype did not. Conclusion: This study suggests that information obtained from evaluating a subgroup of AD or MCI subject using second-generation TSPO tracers can be translated to the entire AD and MCI population. Thus, we can study fewer AD subjects in evaluating new antineuroinflammatory and antimicroglial agents in intervention studies and in observational studies evaluating the role of neuroinflammation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Can Studies of Neuroinflammation in a TSPO Genetic Subgroup (HAB or MAB) Be Applied to the Entire AD Cohort?

et al. 2015

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“…7T MRI had lower sensitivity than these CSF analyses of Ab 1-42 (69% vs 96%), but had a higher specificity (93%-100% vs 77%) [46]. PET studies using PiB have shown the possibility of detecting cerebral amyloid accumulation, although the diagnostic utility is limited [47], and numbers on sensitivity and specificity are sparse. Mormino and colleagues [48] showed high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (90%) in differentiating AD patients from control subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cortical phase changes in Alzheimer's disease at 7T MRI: A novel imaging marker

Rooden

Versluis

Liem

et al. 2013

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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Background: Postmortem studies have indicated the potential of high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize amyloid depositions in the cerebral cortex. The aim of this study is to test this hypothesis in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: T2*-weighted MRI was performed in 16 AD patients and 15 control subjects. All magnetic resonance images were scored qualitatively by visual assessment, and quantitatively by measuring phase shifts in the cortical gray matter and hippocampus. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences between groups.Results: Patients with AD demonstrated an increased phase shift in the cortex in the temporoparietal, frontal, and parietal regions (P , .005), and this was associated with individual Mini-Mental State Examination scores (r 5 20.54, P , .05). Conclusion: Increased cortical phase shift in AD patients demonstrated on 7-tesla T2*-weighted MRI is a potential new biomarker for AD, which may reflect amyloid pathology in the early stages.

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“…Positron Emission Tomography (PET) of brain imaging requires introduction of radionuclide tracer on a biologically active molecule inside the body, and 3-dimensional imaging is reconstructed from a pair of emitted gamma rays indirectly by positron-emitting [49]. Among newer technologies for remote sensing of brain activities, near infra-red (NIR) sensing is promising [50].…”

Section: Other Emerging Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of Brain Signal Monitoring Technologies for BCI Applications: Challenges and Prospects

Morshed¹

2014

J Bioeng Biomed Sci

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Significant strides have been made since 1940s for monitoring brain activities and utilizing the information for diagnosis, therapy, and control of robotic instruments including prosthetics. Monitoring brain activities with brain computer interfacing (BCI) technologies are of recent interest to due to the immense potential for various medical applications, particularly for many neurological disorder patients, and the emergence of technologies suitable for long duration BCI applications. Recent initiatives are geared towards transforming these clinic centric technologies to patient centric technologies by monitoring brain activities in practical settings. This paper briefly reviews current status of these technologies and relevant challenges. The technologies can be broadly classified into non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and invasive (Microelectrode, ECoG, MEA). Challenges to resolve include neuronal damage, neurotrophicity, usability and comfort.

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PET imaging of brain amyloid in dementia: a review

Cited by 132 publications

References 60 publications

Can Studies of Neuroinflammation in a TSPO Genetic Subgroup (HAB or MAB) Be Applied to the Entire AD Cohort?

Can Studies of Neuroinflammation in a TSPO Genetic Subgroup (HAB or MAB) Be Applied to the Entire AD Cohort?

Cortical phase changes in Alzheimer's disease at 7T MRI: A novel imaging marker

A Brief Review of Brain Signal Monitoring Technologies for BCI Applications: Challenges and Prospects

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