Pests and diseases of trees in Africa: A growing continental emergency

Graziosi, Ignazio; Tembo, Mathias; Kuaté, Jean; Muchugi, Alice

doi:10.1002/ppp3.31

Cited by 41 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…Pest and pathogens are significant risk factors in forest plantations (Wingfield et al, 2015). These risk factors are highlighted in African agroforestry systems affecting indigenous and natural forests (Graziosi et al, 2020). Mitigation of these risk factors will require recognizing the parallels and synergies in management methods between pest and pathogen studies (Jactel et al, 2020) and integrating system genetic and systems biology (Naidoo et al, 2019) particularly in this genomic era (Naidoo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Breeding for Diameter Growth and Tolerance to Leptocybe Gall Wasp and Botryosphaeria/Teratosphaeria Fungal Disease Complex in Eucalyptus grandis

et al. 2021

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Eucalyptus grandis is one of the most important species for hardwood plantation forestry around the world. At present, its commercial deployment is in decline because of pests and pathogens such as Leptocybe invasa gall wasp (Lepto), and often co-occurring fungal stem diseases such as Botryosphaeria dothidea and Teratosphaeria zuluensis (BotryoTera). This study analyzed Lepto, BotryoTera, and stem diameter growth in an E. grandis multi-environmental, genetic trial. The study was established in three subtropical environments. Diameter growth and BotryoTera incidence scores were assessed on 3,334 trees, and Lepto incidence was assessed on 4,463 trees from 95 half-sib families. Using the Eucalyptus EUChip60K SNP chip, a subset of 964 trees from 93 half-sib families were genotyped with 14,347 informative SNP markers. We employed single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) to estimate genetic parameters in the genetic trial. Diameter and Lepto tolerance showed a positive genetic correlation (0.78), while BotryoTera tolerance had a negative genetic correlation with diameter growth (−0.38). The expected genetic gains for diameter growth and Lepto and BotryoTera tolerance were 12.4, 10, and −3.4%, respectively. We propose a genomic selection breeding strategy for E. grandis that addresses some of the present population structure problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Breeding for Diameter Growth and Tolerance to Leptocybe Gall Wasp and Botryosphaeria/Teratosphaeria Fungal Disease Complex in Eucalyptus grandis

et al. 2021

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“…Due to the wide range of plant growing conditions and geographic locations, this conservation approach implies that tree germplasm is exposed to a plethora of seed-borne pathogenic organisms, including both native and non-native microorganisms and insects. Furthermore, the vast taxonomic and geographic diversity of collected germplasm is susceptible to being impacted by poorly characterized, or unknown pests and diseases [ 68 ]. This scenario poses a major challenge in the implementation of phytosanitary measures for the detection and mitigation of pests and diseases of tree germplasm.…”

Section: Germplasm Health Testing and Pest Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosanitary Interventions for Safe Global Germplasm Exchange and the Prevention of Transboundary Pest Spread: The Role of CGIAR Germplasm Health Units

Kumar

Cuervo

Kreuze

et al. 2021

Plants

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The inherent ability of seeds (orthodox, intermediate, and recalcitrant seeds and vegetative propagules) to serve as carriers of pests and pathogens (hereafter referred to as pests) and the risk of transboundary spread along with the seed movement present a high-risk factor for international germplasm distribution activities. Quarantine and phytosanitary procedures have been established by many countries around the world to minimize seed-borne pest spread by screening export and import consignments of germplasm. The effectiveness of these time-consuming and cost-intensive procedures depends on the knowledge of pest distribution, availability of diagnostic tools for seed health testing, qualified operators, procedures for inspection, and seed phytosanitation. This review describes a unique multidisciplinary approach used by the CGIAR Germplasm Health Units (GHUs) in ensuring phytosanitary protection for the safe conservation and global movement of germplasm from the 11 CGIAR genebanks and breeding programs that acquire and distribute germplasm to and from all parts of the world for agricultural research and food security. We also present the challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations stemming from the experience of GHUs, which collaborate with the national quarantine systems to export and distribute about 100,000 germplasm samples annually to partners located in about 90 to 100 countries. Furthermore, we describe how GHUs adjust their procedures to stay in alignment with evolving phytosanitary regulations and pest risk scenarios. In conclusion, we state the benefits of globally coordinated phytosanitary networks for the prevention of the intercontinental spread of pests that are transmissible through plant propagation materials.

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“…The spread of insect pests of trees is an increasing problem in Africa (Graziosi et al 2019). Bridgehead effects are the case for insect pests of forest plantations in South Africa, especially those infesting species of Eucalyptus (Faulkner et al 2017b).…”

Section: Forestry Pestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

South Africa as a Donor of Alien Animals

Measey

Robinson

Kruger

et al. 2020

Biological Invasions in South Africa

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This review provides the first assessment of animal species that are native to South Africa and invasive elsewhere in the world. While around a twelfth of all naturalised plants in the world are native to South Africa, there are very few examples of South African native marine, terrestrial, or freshwater animals becoming invasive elsewhere. We provide a narrative of each of the 34 cases that we could find. Three of these species, the Common Waxbill, Estrilda astrild, the Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus and the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, were widely traded, and introduced on several continents with invasive populations becoming the subject of substantial research. Most other species are poorly documented in the literature such that it is often not known whether South African populations are the source of invasions. These species demonstrate the same trend in pathways of animals entering South Africa, moving from deliberate to accidental through time. The role of mavericks, individuals whose deliberate actions wilfully facilitate invasions, is highlighted. While South Africa has acted as an important bridgehead for the invasions of forestry pests, crayfish, fish and amphibians on the continent, it is clearly not a major donor of animal invasions, but rather a recipient. This could be due to South African ecosystems being fundamentally more invasible, or South African fauna showing reduced invasiveness, though it is likely that substantial differences in historical pathways also played a crucial role.

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Pests and diseases of trees in Africa: A growing continental emergency

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 41 publications

References 113 publications

Genomic Breeding for Diameter Growth and Tolerance to Leptocybe Gall Wasp and Botryosphaeria/Teratosphaeria Fungal Disease Complex in Eucalyptus grandis

Genomic Breeding for Diameter Growth and Tolerance to Leptocybe Gall Wasp and Botryosphaeria/Teratosphaeria Fungal Disease Complex in Eucalyptus grandis

Phytosanitary Interventions for Safe Global Germplasm Exchange and the Prevention of Transboundary Pest Spread: The Role of CGIAR Germplasm Health Units

South Africa as a Donor of Alien Animals

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