Pesticides used by farmers in the arabica coffee growing regions of Uganda

Abstract

Coffee is generally stressed by several biotic constraints including insect pests, diseases, weeds, nematodes among others, due to its nature. In response, farmers use all sorts of pesticides so as to manage these problems. However, detailed studies to determine the types of pesticides used in the diverse Arabica coffee agro-ecologies of Uganda are yet to be conducted. This information is vital for guiding research, policy and other agendas on pesticide issues, since their misuse can cause serious negative effects on humans, livestock and environment. A questionnaire was therefore, administered to 325 households in the 3 major Arabica coffee growing regions of Uganda (Mt. Elgon, West Nile and southern), with the aim of determining which pesticides are commonly being used by farmers. The study specifically aimed at investigating which pesticides have been banned in Uganda but still being used by farmers in these Arabica coffee agro-ecologies. Results showed that pesticides use in the Arabica coffee growing regions of Uganda was limited, with only 23% of the farmers using them. The highest percentage of farmers (39%) using pesticides was recorded in the southern region, while the lowest percentage of farmers (11%) was observed in West Nile region. A total of 22 of pesticides namely, 13 insecticides (59%), 5 fungicides (23%) and 4 herbicides (18%) were being used by farmers. Most of the pesticides recorded (64%) belonged to class II chemicals which are defined as moderately hazardous. Farmers should, therefore, be encouraged to use these pesticides instead of the class I chemicals which are defined as highly hazardous. The commonest insecticide was cypermethrin, being used by 15.4% of the farmers, while mancozeb was the most common fungicide, used by 7.7%. On the other hand, glyphosate was the most commonly used herbicide, by 15.4% of the farmers. The study further revealed that three insecticides-carbofuran (Furadan 5), dichlorvos 100% (Lava 100% EC) and fenitrothion (Sumithion/Fenitrothion) and one herbicide, gramoxone (Paraquat), which were being used by farmers, have been banned from use in Uganda. However, none of the fungicides observed has been banned from use in Uganda. Thus, farmers in all coffee growing agro-ecologies should be educated on pesticide use particularly those that have been banned from use. This will reduce pesticide misuse, toxicity and exposure.

An atoxigenic L‐strain of Aspergillus flavus (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae) is pathogenic to the coffee twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidea: Scolytinae)

“…Xylosandrus compactus infests more than 224 plant species in about 62 families worldwide (Ngoan et al, ; Kagezi et al, , ). In Uganda, the pest was first reported on Robusta coffee in the mid‐western district of Bundibugyo in 1993 (Adipala et al, ), and later spread to the other Robusta coffee‐growing districts (Egonyu et al, ; Kagezi et al, ).…”

“…Xylosandrus compactus infests more than 224 plant species in about 62 families worldwide (Ngoan et al, ; Kagezi et al, , ). In Uganda, the pest was first reported on Robusta coffee in the mid‐western district of Bundibugyo in 1993 (Adipala et al, ), and later spread to the other Robusta coffee‐growing districts (Egonyu et al, ; Kagezi et al, ). By 2012, Robusta coffee yield losses attributable to X. compactus in Uganda were estimated at 8.6% which was estimated to lead to a loss of approximately US$40 million in foreign exchange earnings per year (Kagezi et al, ).…”

“…In Uganda, the pest was first reported on Robusta coffee in the mid‐western district of Bundibugyo in 1993 (Adipala et al, ), and later spread to the other Robusta coffee‐growing districts (Egonyu et al, ; Kagezi et al, ). By 2012, Robusta coffee yield losses attributable to X. compactus in Uganda were estimated at 8.6% which was estimated to lead to a loss of approximately US$40 million in foreign exchange earnings per year (Kagezi et al, ). This has prompted key stakeholders (scientists, researchers, farmers) to explore and develop measures to control X. compactus.…”

“…Each of the currently available management strategies against X. compactus in Uganda, that is, chemical and cultural methods have major limitations (Kagezi et al, ). Spraying with insecticides is discouraged by environmental and human health concerns (Pimentel, ).…”