Pesticides (New Generation) and Related Compounds, Analysis of

Abstract

Miscellaneous pesticides and related compounds comprise substances that can neither be included in the classical chemical category of pesticides nor classified by their mode of action. They are a heterogeneous group of substances, the most representative of which are macrocyclic lactones, chloronicotinyls, tetranortriterpenoids, ammonium quaternary salts, dinitroanilines, acetamides, oximes, triazoles, and pyridine‐based molecules. The pesticides covered in this article have hardly changed in the last years. However, their analytical determination has undergone significant improvements. This article provides a well‐defined and critical compilation of the sample treatment and clean‐up procedures, as well as determination techniques applied to miscellaneous pesticides. The new approaches in sample preparation in environmental matrices, such as air, water, soil, food and biological samples, are described. Analytical techniques for characterizing these compounds, which mostly include gas chromatography (GC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), are discussed. Both techniques have almost completely displaced other chromatographic methods. However, in the frontier between chemical and biological techniques, the development of biosensor techniques is very promising. Here, analytical methods applied to the field of real samples are also presented.

Degradation of Cyclohexanedione Oxime Herbicides

“…These pretreatments consist in interference removal from the matrix and concentration of the analytes of interest. Nowadays, together with classical techniques such as liquid extraction with organic solvents, more recent techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), or QuEChERS are commonly used prior to analytical determination [78]. Once the sample preparation is completed, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of pesticide residue are traditionally carried out using chromatography techniques since these allow separating complex mixtures.…”

Aqueous photodegradation of sethoxydim herbicide: Qtof elucidation of its by-products, mechanism and degradation pathway

“…The use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass detection (LC-MS) is becoming a common technique for the analysis of herbicides and their transformations products, which are generally more polar than their parent pesticides and hence are not amenable to GC analysis (i.e., they are non-volatile, thermally labile and have a wider range of polarities) (Picó, 2009). In recent years, the identification of low-and high-weight compounds by means of mass spectrometry has experimentally contributed significant improvements due to the emergence of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometers (Qtof) (Hernández et al, 2008;Ibáñez et al, 2004;Picó et al, 2007).…”

Identification of sethoxydim degradation products in natural waters under different light sources by HPLC-QTOF-MS

“…The use of many herbicides of this family has been authorized in the US and in the European Union (Poast®, Aramo50®, Vencedor40WG®, Aura®, Select®, FocusUltra®, …). They are selective herbicides highly effective against annual and perennial grass weeds in broad-leaved crops [9,10] and they could be a good alternative to control glyphosate-resistant pests [11]. In the last years, the use of cyclohexanedione oxime herbicides has gained attention because they show low environmental persistence, good effectiveness at low application rates and low toxicity to non-target organisms.…”