Pesticides in the Cultivation of Carnations in Greenhouses: Part I—Exposure and Concomitant Health Risk

Brouwer, D.H.; Brouwer, R.; Mik, G. de; Maas, C. L.; Hemmen, Johannes J. van

doi:10.1202/0002-8894(1992)053<0575:pitcoc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…As dermal exposure is by far the most important (13,14,18), it seems reasonable to assume that the number of hours in contact with plants reflects the level of exposure. At least 20 hours per week was chosen as an indicator of at least half-time dermal contact to cultures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers

Abell¹,

Juul²,

Bonde³

2000

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most used pesticides are insecticides, fungicides, and growth regulators, whereas herbicides are not used in greenhouses. Dermal exposure to pesticides is highly correlated with manual contact with pesticide-treated plants (13,14). Women typically perform the tasks involving the most plant contact (eg, nip cutting).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers

Abell¹,

Juul²,

Bonde³

2000

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…To calculate absorbed doses from real doses, we assumed 10% skin penetration (Byers et al, 1992;Brouwer et al, 1992a) and 100% lung retention (Stephanou and Zourari, 1989;Fenske and Elkner, 1990;Byers et al, 1992;Brouwer et al, 1992a).…”

Section: Calculation Of Exposure Dosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Aprea¹,

Lunghini²,

Banchi³

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The aim of this research was to assess dermal and respiratory exposure of workers to imidacloprid during manual operations with ornamental plants previously treated in greenhouses or tunnels. A total of 10 female workers, 5 in greenhouses and 5 in tunnels, were monitored for 3 or 5 consecutive days. Actual skin contamination, excluding hands, was evaluated using nine filter paper pads placed directly on the skin. To evaluate the efficacy of protective clothing in reducing occupational exposure we also placed four pads on top of the outer clothing. Hand contamination was evaluated by washing with 95% ethanol. Respiratory exposure was evaluated by personal air sampling. Respiratory dose was calculated on the basis of a lung ventilation of 15 l/min. Absorbed doses were calculated assuming a skin penetration of 10% and a respiratory retention of 100%. Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs) were determined during the days of re-entry in order to determine the dermal transfer factor. From the dependence of dermal exposure of hands from DFRs, a mean transfer factor was estimated to be 36.4 cm 2 /h. Imidacloprid was determined by liquid chromatography with selective mass detection and electrospray interface in all matrices analysed. Respiratory dose was 4.1 ± 4.0 (0.1-14.3)% and 3.0 ± 2.0 (0.6-6.9)% (mean ± SD (range)) of the total real dose during work in tunnels and greenhouses, respectively. The estimated absorbed doses, 0.29 ± 0.45 mg/kg (0.06-2.25 mg/kg) body weight and 0.32±0.18 mg/kg (0.07-0.66 mg/kg) body weight (mean±SD (range)) in tunnels and in greenhouses, respectively, were less than the acceptable operator exposure level of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and than the acceptable daily intake of 0.05 mg/kg body weight. The hands and exposed skin of all workers were found to be contaminated, indicating that greater precautions, such as daily changing of gloves and clothing, are necessary to reduce skin exposure.

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“…The magnitude of exposure depends on the amount of dislodgeable foliar residue, job task, size of cultures, and type and formulation of pesticides. Through manual contact with cultures the transfer of pesticides to gloves, pads or hands varies from a few micrograms to a few milligrams per hour (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Few studies deal with the actual absorption of pesticides in relation to re-entry activities in greenhouses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%